ULVERSTONRANT.COM DIALECT Wm. Barrow Kendall's Furness word book       a   ‑  the indefinite article  a or ana   ‑  in.  "a this way"a   ‑  on.  "a this side"a   ‑  of.  "yan a mine"     (on is also used before a vowel  ‑ "Bæath on em")a   ‑  I.  "sooa a du"     (ĭ when final, as "sooa diw I")aa (vr)   ‑  owe.  aa‑an  ‑ owingaad   ‑  old.     aader   ‑  older.     aadest   ‑  oldest.aad wĭf hæk   ‑  convivial gathering at Christmas time.aamas   ‑  alms.aan (vr)   ‑  own, to acknowledge, admit, confess, recognise, identify.     "He aans tŭl it", "He wænt aan us"aant   ‑  ordained, predestined, fated.     "them as is aant at be hungt al niver be drownt"æas   ‑  ace.abacka   ‑  behind, at the back of.     abackerbeont   ‑  nowhere.abbat   ‑  ah!but, yes!but.abĭde   ‑  endure.   "A cant abĭde him"abooard   ‑  aboard.addle (vr)   ‑  earn, acquire, gain.æđħer   ‑  either.agricutŭr   ‑  agriculture.afoor   ‑  before.agæn   ‑  againstahint   ‑  behind.ahuh   ‑  skew, awry, slanting.æ'll   ‑  will, I will.[1]‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑Marginal figures, see suppliment [page 153 of original]‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑alæan   ‑  alone.   "let it alæan"alang   ‑  along, through the length of.     alanga   ‑  on account of, for sake of.   "Its o alanga thee"alegar   ‑  malt vinegar, from sour ale, as vinegar is from sour wine.ally   ‑  a boy's marbleamæast   ‑  almost.amang   ‑  among.an   ‑  and.     ‑  a curtailment of than.     ‑  sometimes used instead of the subjunctive if.‑an   ‑  the suffix ‑ing.anenst   ‑  opposite.ang‑er   ‑  inflammation.   (I  angr = painful)ang‑ert   ‑  inflamed, red, glowing.angs   ‑  awns, the beard of barley.ano   ‑  also, and all.   "A dud ano."anuđħer   ‑  another.a'ower, ahower   ‑  indeed, at any rate, however.appral   ‑  April.     appral noddy   ‑  April fool.ark   ‑  a large wooden chest to hold meal, oat bread etc., as meeal‑ark.   (I  örk = chest)arl (vr)   ‑  to bind by giving earnest money.arls   ‑  earnest money.armenac   ‑  almanac.arn (vr)   ‑  earn.arr   ‑  a scar, scratch, mark.   (I  arr = a scar)arsle (vr)   ‑  to move backwards, to shuffle or fidget about when sitting.arval   ‑  refreshments given at a funeral, a funeral feast.     (D  arveöl = funeral feast, from arv + öl = inheritors' ale)arval breead   ‑  funeral cakes.a's   ‑  I am.   "A's gaan."a's   ‑  I shall.   "A's gaa."as   ‑  that.   "He said as he wod."     ‑  who.   "Them as can" (Those who can).as weel agæn   ‑  twice as well.ashoor   ‑  ashoreasĭde on   ‑  beside, near, by the side of.     hard asĭd on   ‑  close to.ask   ‑  newt, lizard.   watter ask is a water newt; dry ask, a lizard.ass   ‑  ashes, cinders.     ass‑hooal   ‑  ash pit.     ass‑midden   ‑  ash heap.assel   ‑  axle.assel‑teeath   ‑  molar teeth.     assel‑tree   ‑  axle tree.[73]as'teead   ‑  instead.at   ‑  to; the sign of the infinitive.     "Hesta dun oŭt at it?", "A's gaan at du summat at it."at   ‑  that, which.at (v)   ‑  to attack.   "He at him."   (cf. "up and at him")at's   ‑  that is, that are, which are.   "Them at's here."at efter   ‑  after.   "at efter dark."     ‑  afterwards.   "went at efter."attercop   ‑  spider.   (I  eitur = poison)atween   ‑  between.   "O as co atween * an Martinmas"     [* 'now' understood],     all who call between now and Martinmas.awarnd   ‑  will warrant, assured, will vouch for.bæak (vr)   ‑  bake.   (I  baka = to bake)     bæaksten   ‑  iron plate for baking bread on, a baking iron.     (I  bakr‑jarn = iron plate for baking sacramental wafers; also bakr‑ofn = baking oven)bæan   ‑  bone.bæat   ‑  did bite, bit.   (bĭt, bæat, bitten)bæath   ‑  both.back at   ‑  behind the.back end   ‑  autumn.backset an forset   ‑  beset on all sides.backsĭde   ‑  enclosure behind the house or homestead.backword   ‑  message declining or countermanding.bad   ‑  difficult.   "bad at beeat", "bad at bĭd."badly   ‑  sick, unwell.bæn   ‑  short, direct, convenient.     bæner   ‑  more direct.     bænest   ‑  most direct.bang (vr)   ‑  to strike, beat, surpass.   (I  bang = hammering)bank   ‑  direction; as up bank, down bank etc.     (I  bakki = bank of a river)bannock   ‑  cake of oatmeal and treacle, seasoned with ginger.barfoot   ‑  barefooted.bariham   ‑  a horse collar; padding under the hams.barley!   ‑  a claim for first choice; a call for a truce; to call a parley.   used in children's games.     "Barley me that", "A barleyt that."barn   ‑  child.   (I; N; D; S  barn = child)     ‑  obsolete for cow shed; probably the plural of byre.barrin out   ‑  the annual custom of barring the school door by the scholars against the master on the Monday morning before Lent.   Before being admitted he had to confirm the rules of the school, sanction the election of two captains and their clerks, and agree to the annual school football match and cock fight being held on the accustomed days, also to pardon the "rebellion".     (The self‑taught geologist John Bolton, writing of his schooldays at Urswick‑in‑Furness, remembered with affection the barring outs and the schoolmaster who "quietly submitted to have a little dirty water thrown over him when he attempted to storm our barricade, as he never could succeed, being always forced to retreat, it was not with frowns and threatenings for another time, but with a good‑natured smile at his defeat.  "Geological Fragments", 1869, p.123.)bass   ‑  perch (fish).bassen   ‑  basin.bat   ‑  pace; condition.bæt   ‑  cleavage of slate, grain of wood.     cross bæt   ‑  cross grained.     sheer bæt   ‑  having the line of cleavage cut or crossed by the beds of the stone.   Coniston Grit is sheer bæt.batch   ‑  a small quantity of grain ground especially.be   ‑  by.   "Be mesel" (alone).beck   ‑  stream.     beck‑bibby   ‑  the Water Ouzel.bed‑fast   ‑  bed‑ridden; confined to bed.bed‑stocks   ‑  a bed stead.[39]beean   ‑  bean.beeal (vr)   ‑  to bellow.beear (v)   ‑  to bear.  (beear, bæar, born).beeas   ‑  cattle; beasts.beeast   ‑  beast.     beeast milk   ‑  the milk of a newly calved cow, used for custard puddings.bee breead   ‑  brown substance in honey comb.beet (v)   ‑  to stoke or feed a fire.     (I  bæta = improve, mend, repair)beetin stick   ‑  stick used for firing under a girdle plate when baking oat bread.beetle   ‑  flat piece of wood used when washing clothes; bleaching linen etc.     (In the mid 19th Century a large boulder stood by the side of the well in Well Street, Ulverston, then called "the beetlin stean".  This stone originally came from the wool market at the foot of Soutergate and was known as "Woo‑Stean".  It now stands in the middle of the A590 roundabout.  See J P Morris "Words and Phrases of Furness", London 1869)beetlan stæan   ‑  a stone on which linen is beetled.beggar‑inkle   ‑  common sort of tape sold by beggars.behodden   ‑  under obligation.belaa   ‑  below.beleng (vr)   ‑  belong.be lĭke at   ‑  be obliged to.belk (vr)   ‑  belch.ben leđħer   ‑  sole leather.bent (v)   ‑  determined, resolved.bent   ‑  coarse grass growing on sand hills near the coast.behont   ‑  beyond.berrier   ‑  old name for a thresher.   (I  berja = to strike, to thresh)berry   ‑  gooseberrybetter   ‑  recovered (from illness).   "As quite better now."bettermer   ‑  better; best of two.bezzel or bensil   ‑  to beat severely.bezzler   ‑  calculated to surpass, or beat.bessy   ‑  the Yellow Hammer.besom   ‑  a broombetterner   ‑  more than.   "betterner lĭke"  ‑ more than likely; "betterner  three week."big   ‑  used in place of large.bigg   ‑  six rowed barley.   (I  bygg; D  byg = barley)biggin   ‑  a building.   (I  bygging = building, edifice)[12]bind (v)   ‑  bind ;  make fast; constrain.     (bind, band or bund, bund)bink   ‑  a narrow ledge of rock, a potrail or plate rack, a narrow shelf.binkt   ‑  crag fast, applied to fell sheep.birk   ‑  birch tree.   (ON  björk = birch tree)     birk besom   ‑  a birch broom.bit   ‑  a short time.   "A gay bit", "Efter a bit."bĭte (v)   ‑  bite.   (bĭte, bæat [see bæat], bitten)bittit   ‑  having a piece cut out; applied to lug marks of sheep, as key bittit, sheer bittit &c.   (see lug mark)blaa (v)   ‑  blow (current of air).   (blaa, blæw, blaan)     (Not to flower; not a stroke.)blaan   ‑  blown.     blaan out   ‑  disqualified in a contest or competition.     (This expression is still used at Grasmere Sports when a registered competitor fails to turn up.)blæam   ‑  blame.blackbum   ‑  blackberry.bleea   ‑  blue.   "black an bleea."   (I  blár = blue)     bleea berry   ‑  bilberry; whortleberry.bleead   ‑  blood.bledđħer   ‑  bladder.[25]blĭnd   ‑  blind.   (I  blindur = blind)bleb   ‑  a blister; vesicle on sea weed.blobbers   ‑  air bubbles in water.bō   ‑  ball.bob yak day   ‑  Royal oak day, 29th May; probably 'Yak Brog day' originally.[59]bodđħer (v & n)   ‑  bother, trouble.boggart   ‑  a ghost, apparition.   (cf. Boggart Bridge)bōgie   ‑  a hand cart with low wheels and long shafts.boo   ‑  a bough.booar   ‑  a boar.     ‑  to bore.booard   ‑  board.booat   ‑  boat.bool   ‑  a hoop; semicircular handle to a pan.     (v)   ‑  to trundle a hoop; to bowl.booly   ‑  a child's hoop.boon‑ploo   ‑  ploughing done gratuitously by neighbours for new incoming tenant of a farm.     (A description is found in the Manuscript diary and commonplace book of William Fleming, a yeoman farmer of Pennington.  Between 1798 and 1821 he kept a remarkable diary in which he chronicles the day‑to‑day life of Furness, the seed‑time and harvest, the births, marriages and deaths, and the scandals, gossip and traditions of the area.  In April 1815 he records:         "This day Jon Darley, who has left his cotton mill to turn farmer, had a boon ploughing; that is, requested the neighbours to come with their teams and assist him in plowing his farm in the forenoon, and he would give them a dinner and plenty of ale, spirits and tobacco to spend the rest of the day cheerfully and as a remuneration for their trouble, which has more attraction and inducement than the most extravagant wages he could have offered".      A copy exists in the Cohen Library, Liverpool University. )[74]born (vr)   ‑  to burn.boos   ‑  stall for a cow.borr   ‑  luminous ring round the moon.bors   ‑  prickly seed vessels of burdock.bor tree   ‑  elder tree.     bor tree wine   ‑  elderberry wine.bottle   ‑  a large bundle (of straw); small bundles are called laps.bottle (vr)   ‑  to tie in bundles.  Wheat & barley straw is bottled; oat straw is lapped.bouf (vr)   ‑  to balk; to head off a hare, fox &c.boŭt   ‑  bought.   p.p. of buy.bræad   ‑  broad.brak   ‑  broke.braken   ‑  fern, especially the large varieties.braken clock   ‑  lady bird.braken plat   ‑  plot producing brakens allotted to a farmer (otherwise braken dæl).brandlin   ‑  small worm with red ring used as bait for trout.brandreth   ‑  iron tripod placed over a hearth fire for cooking purposes.   (I  brandreið = a grate)brant   ‑  steep.   (I  brattur = steep)brash (vr)   ‑  to act impetuously.   "brasht off", "brashan about." brast   ‑  burst; exploded.brat   ‑  pinafore, apron.brat strings   ‑  apron strings.breed   ‑  bread.breer   ‑  briar.breet   ‑  bright.brig   ‑  a bridge.briman   ‑  state of sow at heat.brimt   ‑  sow served by boar.brog   ‑  a bough.   (vr) to mark a route by sticking up branches of trees.     ("Broggin the sands" ‑ the route across the sands and treacherous channels of the Leven and Kent estuaries was marked by the guide with small branches of trees known as "broggs")brok   ‑  a badger.brossen   ‑  burst; cracked.   "Why dont you ring the other bell?"     "Cos its brossen mister Bishop"broŭt   ‑  brought.   p.p. of bringbrowl (vr)   ‑  to brawl.browlment   ‑  brawling; disturbance.brŭk (v)   ‑  to break.   (brŭk, brak, brokken)     ‑  to curdle.     ‑  to turn from cream to butter.brŭkin kettle   ‑  used in cheese making.brŭst (v)   ‑  to burst.   (brŭst, brast, brossen)bullases   ‑  small round plums.bull head   ‑  tadpole.bully necks   ‑  head over heels.   "he flæw bullynecks downt'steps."bullyrag   ‑  to bully; a bully.bum; bumbæly   ‑  bound bailiff; assistant to sheriff's officer.bummel bee   ‑  the Humble bee.   (I  buml = resounding)bund   ‑  bound (p.p of bind); apprenticed.bushel   ‑  in Furness  =  96 quarts *                  =  3 Winchester bushels.          * quart of 67.2 cube inches            (the Imperial quart =  69.3185 cube inches)butch (vr)   ‑  to follow the occupation of a butcher; to slaughter.buttery   ‑  dairy.butts   ‑  short riggs in fields of irregular shape.by (bĭ)   ‑  past, beyond.   "gaa bĭ", "git away bĭ" (go past). caad   ‑  cold.   (caader, ‑est).   "ye'll git yer deeath a caad."caakers   ‑  iron rims under clog soles, and at toes and heels of shoes.caasa   ‑  causeway.cabbish   ‑  cabbage.caff   ‑  chaff.caffel (vr)   ‑  to entangle.cam   ‑  serrated coping to a wall.     (I  kambur = ledge of rock; comb)camerel   ‑  curved bar of wood with notches at end on which slaughtered animals are hung.cample   ‑  to retort; quibble; cavil.cæmt   ‑  crooked; peevish; contentious.cannel   ‑  candle.cannel bark   ‑  candle box.[75]canty   ‑  pleasant; cheerful.cap (vr)   ‑  to out do; to overtop; to excel.cappel (n & v)   ‑  cap on toe of boot.capper (vr)   ‑  to do what another cannot.     (n)   ‑  a capper.   "set a capper", "he was cappert", "thats a capper."[76]carl   ‑  rough, coarse, strong.   "as rough as carl hemp."carrs   ‑  swampy, boggy land.carry   ‑  the direction of moving clouds.catcht   ‑  caught.catty   ‑  hockey.chang   ‑  clamour; noisy talk; cry of a pack of hounds.chass   ‑  hurry.   "næa girt chass"chass (vr)   ‑  to chase.chatter‑wallet   ‑  a talkative child.chats   ‑  stcks used as fuel.cheean (vr)   ‑  to chain.   (n) a chain.checks   ‑  knuckle bones used in a game.   "lake at checks."cheese rims   ‑  wooden cylindrical moulds, hooped, without ends, in which cheeses are made:  otherwise "chessels" (cheese‑wells).chepster   ‑  the starling.chig (vr)   ‑  to chew.   "It taks some chiggan."chiggle (vr)   ‑  to gnaw.   "chiggle it off."childer   ‑  plural of child.chip (vr)   ‑  to trip up.   (S; D  kippa = to totter, be unsteady)chip (n)   ‑  a movement made in wrestling.   "How many chips knast ta?"chipt   ‑  egg cracked ready to hatch.   "anuđħer egg chipt."chitter (vr)   ‑  to chatter; to twitter; rapid talking.chitty   ‑  the wren.chittyprat   ‑  (poultry) silver pencilled Hamburg.claa   ‑  a claw, talon.claak (vr)   ‑  to claw; scratch; scrape with fingers.claat   ‑  clawed; scratched.clæam (vr & n)   ‑  to claim; a claim.claaty   ‑  oozy; miry; sticky; dirty.clæaz   ‑  clothes.clack   ‑  flap; valve to pump or bellows.     clack‑hooal   ‑  opening covered by a flap.clag (vr)   ‑  to stick; to adhere.   (D  klæg = loamy, sticky)clagger (vr)   ‑  to scramble in or up.clam   ‑  climbed.clamt   ‑  suffering from thirst (not hunger).clanter   ‑  noise made by clogs on a stone pavement; clangour.clap (vr)   ‑  to put (or to set).   "clapt eyes on it."clashy   ‑  rainy; wet weather.clat   ‑  a tell‑tale.clattan   ‑  tale‑bearing.cleg   ‑  the horse fly; gad fly.   (I  kleggi = a horse fly)click (vr)   ‑  to match; to clutch hastily.clim   ‑  to climb.   (clim, clam, clum or climt)clip (vr)   ‑  to shear.   (I  klippa = to cut)     clippin   ‑  a sheep shearing.clĭsh (vr)   ‑  to clash; to throw down.     (n)   ‑  a clash.   "clĭsh em down."clockan   ‑  clucking, broody.clock hen   ‑  a broody hen.clock   ‑  a beetle.clod (vr)   ‑  to throw.clogs   ‑  wooden soled shoes, the sole protected by a rim of iron.   When  protected by leather the clogs were speckt.clog wheels   ‑  solid wooden wheels.cloo   ‑  sluice; penstock; clough.clooas   ‑  close; an enclosure.     ‑  near; sultry &c.clot‑iron   ‑  pig iron from a bloomery, afterwards hammered into bars.clot‑heead   ‑  a stupid fellow.clotch   ‑  a setting of eggs; clutch.     (I  klekja = a brood, as of chickens)clounteran   ‑  walking about noisily.clout   ‑  a cloth; as flooar c‑, dish c‑, puddin c‑, cheese c‑, butter c‑.   "næar clout ner puddin."cludder   ‑  to crowd together.cluddert   ‑  in a cluster.cō (vr)   ‑  to call.   cō't  ‑ called.cōer   ‑  caller.   as "sæal coer".cob (vr)   ‑  to pull the hair as a punishment or penalty, till the boy whistled three times.   "Hes gat a cobbin."cobble   ‑  a rounded stone.cockle cram   ‑  a hooked fork used by cocklers.cockler   ‑  a cockle gatherer.cockly   ‑  unsteady.codlin   ‑  a kind of apple (Keswicks).cōfe   ‑  a calf.     (When, in the 1840s, the surveyors of the Ordnance Survey were preparing their maps, local people were asked to name and identify prominent features.  On the east coast of Walney Island is a point originally called "Cōfe Look End", i.e. Calf Look end, but the surveyor misheard the dialect and recorded "Cove o' Kend", the name currently used.  How many of our place names were similarly altered by OS surveyors !)cōfe hull   ‑  a calf shed.cōfe lick   ‑  a tuft of hair on forehead that will not part or lie flat.cōke   ‑  the core of fruit.Collop Monday   ‑  Monday before Lent.     (Collops were slices of dried or smoked meat.  Collop Monday was the Monday preceding Lent when the remaining "collops" were eaten before the Lent fast.)com   ‑  came.con   ‑  a squirrel.conigar or conijer   ‑  a rabbit warren, a place frequented by rabbits.conneer   ‑  a beast's kidney.conny   ‑  nice.   (often used ironically).     (D  kjön (modern køn) = pretty; "canny" in NE England)[55]coo.  cu.  co'   ‑  short for cum (come).coo's   ‑  comes.   (see cum).cooal   ‑  coal, charcoal.cooalier   ‑  a charcoal burner.cooat   ‑  coat.   "top cooat" &c.coord   ‑  cord.   as ploo coord.[78]coo t~er   ‑  a coulter. coppy   ‑  an enclosure.   as bull coppy.coppy steeal   ‑  a low stool.     (N  kubbe stol = stool made from a log)cor   ‑  a cow dog or sheep dog.corb (v & n)   ‑  curb.corl (v & n)   ‑  curl.corn   ‑  oats.corrack   ‑  a road scraper; cow rake; a scraper used about a farmyard.corrans   ‑  currants (dried, black, red, white).cortsy (v & n)   ‑  curtsy.cortan   ‑  a curtain; courting.corve (v & n)   ‑  curve.cos   ‑  because.cottert   ‑  entangled.coup   ‑  a cart; dung cart &c.cōve (vr)   ‑  to calve.   cōves  ‑ calves.  cōv't  ‑ calved.cow quaak   ‑  cold weather in early summer.cow skarn   ‑  cow dung.coŭf (n & vr)   ‑  cough.[26]craa   ‑  rook.   The carrion crow is known as the 'middin craa'.craa (v)   ‑  to crow.   (craa, cræw, craat).craa feet   ‑  wild hyacinths.craal (vr)   ‑  to crawl.cræap   ‑  crept.crack   ‑  a chat.   (v) to chat; to boast, to brag; to praise.   "He crakt it up."crag   ‑  a rock, cliff.crag fast   ‑  placed on a ledge of rock from which it is impossible to either ascend or descend.cram   ‑  see cockle cram.cramp bæan   ‑  bone of a sheep or lamb (patella) worn as a charm against cramp.cræzy bæan   ‑  the funny bone.cranch   ‑  unripe fruit.   (craunch).[49]cree (vr)   ‑  to soak or simmer rice, wheat or barley till soft.creet barley   ‑  barley with the husk removed ready for creeing.creeak   ‑  a crook or hook.   (D  krog = crook)creeam   ‑  cream.creeam stick   ‑  stick used for stirring cream, generally of rowan wood.creean   ‑  a moaning noise made by animals.     (Scottish  croon = a long moan)creep (v)   ‑  to creep.   (creep, cræap, croppen).crill   ‑  to shudder, thrill.croppen   ‑  crept.crovukt   ‑  stiff in the joints; a disease in pigs; stiff with being in a cramped position.crummel (vr)   ‑  to crumble.cruds   ‑  curds.   (Welsh  crwd = a round lump)cruddle (vr)   ‑  to curdle.crŭdle   ‑  a cradle.cum (v)   ‑  to come.   (cum, com, cumt).cundreth   ‑  a conduit; culvert.cutten   ‑  p.p. of cut.   "He's cutten some off."cutter (vr)   ‑  to mutter; to coo (like a pigeon).cush   ‑  used for calling cows.cuddles   ‑  a game resembling cricket, played with sticks for bats, a short stick for a ball, and a hole in the ground for wickets. 'd   ‑  short for had; would.   "He'd sed it"  ‑ He had said it.     "He'd sæ't"  ‑ He would say it.dæal   ‑  a valley; a strip of land in a common or township field.[23]daas   ‑  daws.   jacdaa  ‑ jackdaw.daft   ‑  stupid; foolish.   (I  daufur = dull, stupid)dafty   ‑  a stupid person.dar (vr)   ‑  to dare.   "A dart 'em."darsent   ‑  dare not.darrack   ‑  a day's work.dætal   ‑  daily; daytale.   as a dætal workman.dæsent   ‑  decent.   dæsensy [‑ decency]dazzle (vr)   ‑  to drizzle; rain.dee (vr)   ‑  to die.   deean  ‑ dying.   deet  ‑ died.     (I  deyja = to die)deead   ‑  dead.deeaf   ‑  deaf.deeaf nuts   ‑  nuts without kernels, or with unsound kernels in the shells.deeal (vr)   ‑  to deal (cards).   (I  deila = to divide)deeath   ‑  death.deeav (vr)   ‑  to deafen.   (I  deyfa = to deafen)deck   ‑  a hand at cards.   To make a deck in three card lant is to discard.dedđħer   ‑  to tremble, shiver.   (Old English  diddere = to tremble)deg (vr)   ‑  to damp by sprinkling water upon anything.     (S  dagg; D  dug = to dampen)dem (v & n)   ‑  to dam, a mill‑dam.dess (vr)   ‑  to pack closely together, to pile up or seat compactly, to arrange in close order.dew   ‑  do.   dewin  ‑ doing.   dewins  ‑ doings.dĭke   ‑  a quick fence; cop; hedge.dĭke back   ‑  a ditch below a cop.dĭkan   ‑  hedging; repairing hedge.ding (vr)   ‑  to talk vehemently.   "ding it intel them."dinnel   ‑  to tingle with cold.dobby   ‑  a ghost; apparition.dodđħer (vr)   ‑  to shake; quiver.dođħerin girs   ‑  quaker grass.dog mang   ‑  discordant noise by a dog.doit   ‑  a dole; a limited allowance.doitan out   ‑  sharing or doling out.dollop   ‑  a shapeless lump; a large untidy heap.donk   ‑  moist; damp; dank.   (D  clönke = to make moist; cf. dunk)dooar   ‑  door.dooat (vr)   ‑  to dote.dooaty   ‑  doting; in dotage, decaying.dooazy   ‑  drowsy; sleepy.dordrum   ‑  uproar; continuous noise.doted; dotert (tree)   ‑  decayed; hollow.douk (vr)   ‑  to dive; to duck the head.     (D  dukke (modern dykke) = to dive)douker   ‑  a diving duck: generally a common scoter.dow (v)   ‑  to thrive; to recover; to be well; to mend.   "He'll næđħer dee nor dow."down fo   ‑  fall of rain, snow or hail.dowly   ‑  melancholy; dismal; lonely.     (I  daufligr = lonely or lonesome)draa (v)   ‑  to draw.   (draa, dræw, draan).dræak   ‑  a drake.draap (vr)   ‑  to drawl.dræav   ‑  drove, did drive.dree   ‑  slow, tedious; dreary.     (I  drjugr = slow but sure; D  dröi = tedious)dreely   ‑  tediously.dreead (v & n)   ‑  to dread, a dread.dreeam (v & n)   ‑  dream.dress (vr)   ‑  to prepare; to put in order, to winnow grain.     clock dresser   ‑  [no definition given, but clock repairer]     dressin machine   ‑  winnowing machine.drip   ‑  signifying snow, in "white as drip", "drip white"  ‑ snow white.drĭve (v)   ‑  to drive.   (drĭve, dræav, drovven).drudj   ‑  flour box used in cooking.drunj   ‑  noise; thud.dry (‑ĭ)   ‑  thirsty.dud   ‑  did.    dudn't  ‑ did notdus   ‑  does.    dusn't  ‑ does notdun   ‑  donedub   ‑  a pool, a deep hole in a stream.   (I  djupr = deep)ducksten   ‑  a lads' game played with round stones (ducks), one placed on a large flat stone (the ducksten), the others being pitched with intent to knock it off.dummel heead   ‑  a blockhead.dummack   ‑  a rounded heap or hummock; heaps of soil or manure in fields placed ready for spreading.dwinnel   ‑  dwindle. ebben   ‑  often pronounced ebm.ebben down   ‑  down right; straight down.ebben   ‑  even; equal to; in line with.edgrow   ‑  aftermath, second crop of grass; pasturage of stubble.     Edgrow rent in Muchland was paid for the pasturage of fog.   ("Eatgrowe" in 17th century court rolls.)eea   ‑  channel of a stream on the foreshore at low water.     (I  á (e.g. Hvitá) = channel of a stream or river)eeas   ‑  eaves of a roof.eeasin   ‑  eaves gutter.eeaster ledjes   ‑  biswort or snake weed, cooked with veal, boiled and eaten at Easter.een   ‑  eyes.eeasy   ‑  easy.efter   ‑  after.eish   ‑  ash tree.   eish keis  ‑ seeds of ash treeeldin   ‑  fuel.   (I  elding = fuel)ellers   ‑  alder trees.   (I  elrir; D  æl = alder tree)enoo   ‑  enough (in number).   "telt lees enoo", "thers enoo on us."enuff   ‑  enough (as to quality or bulk).   "Trew enuff", "Plenty seean enuff."er   ‑  or.er   ‑  are.esslins   ‑  salmon fry before going to sea.[13]etwixt   ‑  betwixt.eun   ‑  eve; the day before.ex (vr)   ‑  to ask.ext   ‑  asked, invited.faad   ‑  a fold; farm yard.fæas (v & n)   ‑  to face, a face.fæast round   ‑  full of assurance.fæas card   ‑  a court card.faat   ‑  a fault.fadđħer   ‑  father.faffment   ‑  nonsense.fæl (vr)   ‑  to decline in old age.   (cf. "failing")fæn   ‑  glad; very pleased; gladly.fæner   ‑  rather; more gladly.fancical   ‑  fanciful.fand   ‑  found.   (see find).fær   ‑  absolutely, absolute.   "A fær dreeadt it", "a fær sham."farđħer   ‑  further.færin   ‑  a present from the fair.fash (v & n)   ‑  trouble; bother; worry.Fasnas Een   ‑  Shrove Tuesday.fæw   ‑  few.feckless   ‑  incompetent; feeble.fedđħer   ‑  a feather.feeast (v & n)   ‑  feast.feelt   ‑  felt; did feel.feg sæw   ‑  figs stewed in ale and seasoned.   Eaten on Good Friday.     (William Fleming, the Pennington yeoman farmer, recorded in his diary on 14 April 1810:  "It has been an immemorial Custom in this Corner of England, on Good Friday, to eat a kind of Porridge, called here Fig Sewe, made of Figs cut into Quarters, with Wheaten Bread cut into small Square Pieces and boiled in Ale or Beer seasoned with Sugar or Treacle and snutmeg; this is much relished by most People and eaten to Dinner before salt or Fresh Fish".)feit (v & n)   ‑  fight.   foŭt  ‑ fought.fell (vr)   ‑  to throw down; to overthrow.fell   ‑  a mountain.   (I; N; S  fjell = mountain)fell‑faa   ‑  the fieldfare.fellen   ‑  disease in cows.fend (vr)   ‑  to provide; to earn a living.   "He can fend for hissel now."fendy   ‑  thrifty.fettle (vr)   ‑  to put in order; set right; to make ready.   "In fine fettle"   ‑  in good order or condition.     (I  fella (pronounced fettle) = to put in order)fidj (vr)   ‑  to fidget.   (n) a restless, fidgety person.fift   ‑  fifth.find (v)   ‑  fĭnd.   (find, fand, fund)fĭne an   ‑  (intensive) as "fĭne an fat"  ‑ very fat.fing‑er (v & n)   ‑  finger.[53]firry   ‑  used by lads to bespeak the first turn in any game.fitch   ‑  vetch.   "As full as a fitch."fix‑fax   ‑  tendons in meat.fix t~ur   ‑  fixture.   "He's a fix t~ur."flaach   ‑  one who induces by flattery; one who cajoles.     (vr)   ‑  to induce by flattery; to wheedle; to coax.     (Old English  fleech = to beseech)flacker   ‑  flutter; quiver.flæ (vr)   ‑  to frighten.   (ON  flæja = to flee)flæ craa   ‑  a scarecrow.flang   ‑  flung.flannin   ‑  flannel.flapper (vr)   ‑  to flutter, attempt to fly.flass   ‑  shallow water; wet meadows, where water stands after rain.   (e.g. Flass Lane in Barrow)flæt   ‑  frightened; alarmed.flee (v)   ‑  to fly.   (flee, flæw, flown)flee   ‑  a fly.fleea   ‑  a flea.fleead (v & n)   ‑  flood.fleeak   ‑  a fluke; plaice; flounder.fleet (v)   ‑  to skim milk.fleish   ‑  flesh.fleuk   ‑  an insect found in diseased sheeps' livers.flick   ‑  flitch of bacon.   (I  flikki = a flitch of bacon)flĭgæry   ‑  an extravagantly dressed woman.flĭpe (vr)   ‑  to turn wrong side out.flĭpe   ‑  the brim of a hat.   (I  flipa = a flap; D  flip = a flap)flit (vr)   ‑  to remove.   (I  flytja = to move; N  flytning = removal)flĭte (vr)   ‑  to scold.flĭty   ‑  irritable, passionate.flooar (vr & n)   ‑  to knock down; a floor.flooat (v & n)   ‑  float.florish   ‑  fruit‑tree blossom; bloom.flouter   ‑  flurry; excitement; flare; blaze.fluster   ‑  confusion; agitation.fluzd   ‑  turned up at the edge, drunk, intoxicated.fō (v ir)   ‑  to fall.   (fō, fell or fō't, fōen)   (example "They fo't out")fō (n)   ‑  fall, a wrestling bout.   "Dog fō"  ‑ an indecisive fall.fōen   ‑  fallen.fodđħer   ‑  food for cattle.     fodđħer gang   ‑  gangway in a shippon.fog   ‑  aftermath.fooal (v & n)   ‑  foal.fooer   ‑  a furrow.foomart   ‑  the pole cat.   the Foul martin as distinguished from the Pine martin.[64]foot   ‑  (as root) a foot.foot (vr)   ‑  (do.) to foot; to place peats on end when drying, four on end  leaning inwards against each other.   "They græav, spreead, foot an winraa peeats."footen hofe   ‑  a game, variety of leap frog.fođħrin iron   ‑  a sort of iron gaff used for pulling hay out of a mow for fodder.forbrest   ‑  directly in front; forefront.forelders   ‑  ancestors.   (I  foreldri = ancestors, parents)forgit (v)   ‑  forget.   (forgit, forgat, forgitten)formel (vr)   ‑  to bespeak.fornenst   ‑  opposite to.forni t~ur   ‑  furnitureforrat   ‑  forward; early in the season.[60]forsæak (vr)   ‑  foresake (applied to birds' nests).forsæakt   ‑  forsook; forsaken.forset   ‑  obstructed.fortent   ‑  fortnight.   "Fortentend."fortnet   ‑  fortunate.fortree   ‑  the upright bar of a gate farthest from the hinges.[22]foŭt   ‑  fought.fos   ‑  a waterfall.     (I; N  foss = waterfall;  cf. "force" in Lake District)fower   ‑  four.   fowert  ‑ fourth.fox‑fĭre   ‑  phosphorescence (on sea etc)fræ   ‑  from.   (I  frá; D  fra = from)fræaz   ‑  froze.fratch (vr)   ‑  to argue noisily.freeat (vr)   ‑  to fret; grieve; pine.freeaz (v)   ‑  to freeze.   (freeaz, fræaz, frozzen)freet (vr)   ‑  fright.freeten   ‑  to frighten; alarm.freetent   ‑  frightened.freish   ‑  fresh.fridj   ‑  to fray; chafe; to irritate the skin by friction.Frithin month   ‑  the month immediately preceeding May 13th (Old May day) when the common pastures were kept free from stock, and no animals were allowed to pasture thereon.fudđħer (v & n)   ‑  to load, a load.[2]     fother   ‑  a cart load, AD 1582 (West)fuffy   ‑  spongy; fluffy.full but   ‑  straight; direct.   "He ran at him full but."fummel   ‑  fumble.fund   ‑  found (p.p.).fu t~ur   ‑  future.   (few t~er)fuz bo   ‑  puff ball; fungus. ga   ‑  to go.   gaan  ‑ going.   gæan  ‑ gone.   gaes  ‑ goes.     (I  gá or ganga; D  gaa = to go)gæ   ‑  considerable.   "A gæ bit bigger", "ther was a gæ lot there."[29]gæal (vr)   ‑  to smart with cold.gæap (vr)   ‑  to gape.     gæapy   ‑  a foolish gaping person.gaapon   ‑  as much as two hands together will hold.     (I  gaupn = two hands held together in the form of a bowl)gækan   ‑  staring about.gætry   ‑  a fool; a staring person.galivantan   ‑  going about pleasuring.gæly   ‑  fairly.   "He dud gæly weel."gam; gammy   ‑  deformed; lame; diseased; injured; crooked.gammerstang   ‑  term of contempt for a big girl with bad manners, probably  from gammy‑stang.gamashes   ‑  leggings.gamel (vr)   ‑  to gamble; play pitch & toss.gænest   ‑  most direct; readiest; handiest; most convenient. gang   ‑  to go.   (see ga)garn   ‑  yarn.   (I  garn = yarn)     garn winnels   ‑  frame upon which yarn is wound.garth   ‑  an enclosure, as stack g‑, hemp g‑.     (I  garð = enclosure)gat   ‑  got.gæat   ‑  a road; path; way.   "git out a gæat."     (I; N; D  gata = a road)gæavlock   ‑  an iron crowbar.gebby   ‑  a crook handled stick; cudgel; knob stick.gedđħer (vr)   ‑  gather.geen   ‑  given.geld cow   ‑  barren; giving no milk.geldert   ‑  a snare of horse hair, noozes tied on string for catching birds on the snow.gem   ‑  a game; a practical joke.[27]gers   ‑  grass.gezlins   ‑  goslin[g]s.   (I  gæslingr = goslings)gev   ‑  gave.   gi   ‑  short for give.gill   ‑  a ravine.   (I  gil = a ravine)gilt   ‑  a young female pig.gimmer   ‑  a female sheep that has not yet borne a lamb.     (I; N  gymbr = a female yearling sheep)     gimmer lamb   ‑  female lamb.ginnel   ‑  a cleft; fissure in rock.girn (vr)   ‑  to grin.     ("Girning through a braffin", or pulling faces through a horse collar, has long been a popular Cumbrian pastime at country fairs, now mainly confined to west Cumberland.  The World Championship is held at Egremont Crab Fair.)girt   ‑  great.   girt, bigger, biggest (only in the positive degree).girt end   ‑  the greater part.   "Girt end on a pund it cost me."git (v)   ‑  to get.   (git, gat, gitten)gĭversum   ‑  avaricious; covetous.gizern   ‑  gizzard.giss‑giss‑giss   ‑  call to young pigs.   (see "gris")gleead   ‑  the kite.gliff   ‑  a glimpseglĭm (vr)   ‑  to give a side glance.glip (vr)   ‑  to look sharply about; to give hurried glances.glisk (vr)   ‑  to sparkle; to glisten.glister   ‑  a clyster.gloor (vr)   ‑  to stare open eyed.   (I  glóra = to look earnestly)gloppen (vr)   ‑  to stare in astonishment; to be startled; to be scared.   (I  glápa = to stare)gloppers   ‑  blinkers for a horse.glumpin   ‑  sulking; looking surly.   (I  glumpen = to look surly)gō   ‑  gall; the bladder that receives the bile from the liver.   "Her gō's brossen."goak (gōke) handed   ‑  left handed.goaky (gōkey)   ‑  awkward.goam (gōme)   ‑  gumption; shrewdness.     (I  gaumr = heed or attention)goamless (gōmeless)   ‑  without gumption.goaster (gōster)   ‑  to laugh exultingly.goat   ‑  a young male pig (galt).gob   ‑  mouth.   (D  gab = mouth)goil   ‑  a sluice; culvert.gollin   ‑  marsh marigold.gomerel   ‑  braggart; a big bully; a cowardly fellow.   (generally girt g‑).   (I  gambra = to boast)gooat   ‑  a goat.   Billy g‑; Nanny g‑.good   ‑  easy.   as "good at see".goos‑fleish   ‑  skin rough with cold.goos girs   ‑  Galium aparine.graa (v)   ‑  to grow.   (graa, græw, graan).græan (v & n)   ‑  to groan.græap (vr)   ‑  to grope.   (I  grípa = to sieze)græav (vr)   ‑  to grave; to delve; to dig.   (I  grafa = to dig)grædly   ‑  genuine; really.   "trān com down i a grædly girt pelt."     (I  greiðliga = promptly, well, readly)græns   ‑  prongs of a fork, tines.[19]graplin   ‑  catching trout by hand; tickling trout.græv   ‑  a manorial officer.  Head of a Gravewick.greeap   ‑  a grip or channel or drainage, as shuppen greeapgreeaz (v & n)   ‑  grease.greenhew rent   ‑  rent paid by tenants of the Manor of Plain Furness for right to cut timber in Sowerby & other Manorial Woods.    Instituted in time of Queen Elizabeth.grees   ‑  stone steps and horsing stone used for mounting horses, especially when pillions were in use.grĭke   ‑  crevice; cleft in rock.grĭmin   ‑  a thin sprinkling (of snow).gris or grĭse   ‑  swine; young pigs.   (giss, giss, giss; used for calling young pigs.)     (I  griss; D  gris = a young pig)grummel (v & n)   ‑  grumble.grund (v)   ‑  to grind.   (grund, grunt, grunt)     (I  grund = a green field or plain)grundan   ‑  grinding.grund   ‑  the ground.grund wark   ‑  foundations of a building.grunsten   ‑  a grindstone.grunt   ‑  ground.   (see grund)grundlin   ‑  the ringed plover.guinea pig   ‑  tip cat, a boy's game.gully   ‑  a large knife; whittle.gurdle plate   ‑  iron plate used for baking haver bread upon. hæ (v)   ‑  have.   (Emphatic hev)haa   ‑  call to a horse to incline to the left.haad   ‑  hold.hæad   ‑  hid.   (hĭde, hæad, hidden)hæaf net   ‑  net with a poke, used in sea fishing.     (I  hafr = sea.  cf. Haafnets on the Solway)haak   ‑  a hawk; falcon.hæast   ‑  haste.hæasty puddin   ‑  flour or meal boiled thick.   (hasty pudding)[37]hack   ‑  pick axe.haffel   ‑  to falter in speaking; to prevaricate.hag (vr)   ‑  to chop; hack.hag stock   ‑  a chopping block.hag berry   ‑  bird cherry.     (D  hægebær = Prunus padus, bird cherry)haggle (vr)   ‑  to cut with a ragged edge.haggs   ‑  rocky ground covered with trees or brushwood.hag worm   ‑  the common snake.     (I  höggarmr = snake or serpent)hæk   ‑  disturbance; riot.hand   ‑  locality; as a boon h‑, nar h‑.hand breed   ‑  hand breadth.hand running   ‑  in regular succession.hands'torn   ‑  any act of labour.   "He niver dus a hands torn."hankle (vr)   ‑  to entangle; to knot.   (I  hanka = to fasten, to knot)hannel (vr & n)   ‑  to handle; a handle.     hanlan   ‑  handling.     hanelt   ‑  handled.hansel (vr)   ‑  to use for the first time.hansh (vr)   ‑  to snap the jaws.happen   ‑  perhaps.   (see mappen)hap (vr)   ‑  to cover; to wrap.hap (n)   ‑  a horse scraper used for collecting surface sand on foreshore for salt making.happin   ‑  wraps; coverings.hard (v)   ‑  heard.   p.p. of hear.     hard tell   ‑  heard, was told.hard   ‑  firm; secure.   "Hard an fast."hard   ‑  close, as hard by; hard asĭde on.hard   ‑  stern, as hard spokken.harrast   ‑  harvest.harro!   ‑  hello! an exclamation.[46]hartree   ‑  upright bar of a gate next the hanging post.hask   ‑  keen; harsh to touch or taste.hath ya!   ‑  harken; hark ye!haver   ‑  oats.   (I  hafrar = oats)haver breead   ‑  oat cake.haver mote   ‑  malt made from oats.   "As slaa as haver mote."hear tell   ‑  hear.   "We nivver hear tell on him."heck   ‑  tail board of a cart; a ketch.heckberry   ‑  bird cherry.   (see hag berry)heckle (vr) to break up the stems of hemp or flax; to dress hemp.hed   ‑  had.   (contracted to 'd)heead   ‑  head.heead wark   ‑  headache.heeaf   ‑  the portion of fell attached to each fell‑farm by custom as a sheep pasture; a sheep walk.heeaf (vr)   ‑  to settle down at home.heeaft   ‑  disinclined to roam.heeal (vr)   ‑  to heal.   (not heel, which is so pronounced)heeap (n & vr)   ‑  a heap; to heap.     ‑  =  6 quarts (neet measure).heeat   ‑  heat, to heat.[41]hei   ‑  high.   (heier, heiest)heimer   ‑  the higher, highmost.     heiermer   ‑  highermost.heit   ‑  height.helt   ‑  held.hellidas   ‑  holidays.helter (n & vr)   ‑  halter.hempland   ‑  enclosure set apart for growing hemp for home use.hemplin   ‑  the hedge sparrow.henscrats   ‑  cirrus clouds.hersel   ‑  herself.has   ‑  has (contracted to 's).hesp (n & vr)   ‑  hasp (to door or gate).     (I  hespa = catch for a door)hezel   ‑  hazel.hĭde (v)   ‑  hide.   (hĭde, hæad, hidden)hinberry   ‑  raspberry.hinderends   ‑  withered and refuse grain winnowed from the rest.   (food for fowls etc.)hindersum   ‑  retarding; obstructive.hindermost   ‑  the last.   "T'last [coo's] h‑." [indistinct]hing (v)   ‑  to hang.   p.t. hingt or hung.hing‑ins   ‑  pin & gudgeon to a gate, the hinges to a gate.   (butt hinges to doors are jemmers)          hitten   ‑  p.p.   of hit.hĭpe (vr)   ‑  to throw over the hip in wrestling.     varieties   ‑  swinging h‑, standing h‑.hippin   ‑  infant's napkin.hippin stæan   ‑  stepping stones.hĭre (n)   ‑  condiment, sause.   "It tæasts walla an wants a lot a hære."hisk (vr)   ‑  to gasp for breath.   (I  hixta = to sob, hiccup)hissel   ‑  himself.   hersel   ‑  herself.hĭsta!   ‑  hurry; make haste; haste thee.hitty‑missy   ‑  haphazard.hō   ‑  a hall.hobbelt   ‑  hampered; having the feet badly tied; walking lamely; limped.hod   ‑  hold.   hodden   ‑  held.hod up (weather)   ‑  clear up; keep fine.hodđħer   ‑  holderhog   ‑  a yearling sheep.hog (n)   ‑  a heap of turnips etc covered with earth.hog (vr)   ‑  to cover a heap of turnips &c with earth.hogt   ‑  turnips etc placed in a hog.hogus   ‑  a shelter for young sheep.hōfe   ‑  half.hollin   ‑  holly.holm   ‑  an island in a lake or river.hooal (v & n)   ‑  to hole; a hole.hoop   ‑  four quarts.   (nut measure).[40]hook   ‑  hip of cow or sheep.   "Sheep wi' pop on t'far hook."hook bæan   ‑  hip bone.[36]hopper   ‑  long narrow seed basket used in sowing broadcast, slung under left arm by strap over right shoulder.hopper   ‑  receptacle for seed above millstones in a corn mill.[61]horse knop   ‑  knapweed.horse stang   ‑  the dragon‑fly.hort (n & vr)   ‑  hurt.houlderin   ‑  walking clumsily.houk (vr)   ‑  to uproot, as thistle etc.houk out (vr)   ‑  to drag out forcibly.hōve (vr)   ‑  to halve.   "Hove it an tak tæa bit."hōves   ‑  halves.   "Gaa hoves."hors! hors!   ‑  call to cattle to move forward, as "cush" is the call to stop or come near.hoŭf   ‑  hock, lower part of ham.hubbelshō   ‑  tumult.hull   ‑  a shed, as cōfe h‑, pig h‑, tornap h‑, rabbit h‑, hen h‑, peeat h‑.hullet   ‑  the owl (all species).hully‑butterflee   ‑  any large heavy moth.hummursum   ‑  capricious.hung‑er (n & vr)   ‑  hunger.hummel (vr)   ‑  to remove awns from barley by stamping.hummeller   ‑  an instrument for removing awns from barley when spread on barn floor.     ‑  a horizontal iron frame with flat iron bars edge and a vertical shaft with cross handle, used as a stamp.                   (see fotran iron, page 157) [page no. in original text]hurr!   ‑  cry used to incite dogs to fight.hutch   ‑  a store for winter use, applied to field mice etc.hurkel (vr)   ‑  to crouch; stoop; huddle together.     (I  hokra; ON  hurka = to crouch) i'   ‑  in.ill thing   ‑  sick person.   "He lukt like a ill thing."     (I  illr = bad, evil)inderends   ‑  small withered grain.   (see hinderends)ings   ‑  meadows, cow pastures.   (N  ing = a field or meadow)inkle   ‑  narrow tape.insense (vr)   ‑  to make one understand.   "A cant insense it intel him."intak   ‑  enclosure from fell or common.   (N  inntak = enclosure)intil   ‑  into.   (D  ind til = into)ĭshokles   ‑  icicles.   (N  isjøkel = icicle)ista   ‑  art thou.it   ‑  it; its; in the; eat; ate.   "Let it it it hæ." "It let on it fat".its   ‑  it is.itsel   ‑  itself.iver   ‑  ever.   "Iver at efter."ivery   ‑  every.itten   ‑  eaten. jacdaa   ‑  jackdaw.jammy crane   ‑  the heron.jarbelt   ‑  bespattered with mud; draggled.jedđħer (vr)   ‑  to rattle; to vibrate with a quick rattling noise, as doors & windows in a wind or teeth with cold etc.jee   ‑  call to a horse to incline to the right, as haa is to the left.jee (vr)   ‑  to agree.   "It wænt jee."jert (vr)   ‑  to jerk; to throw underhand by striking the forearm against the side.jew trump   ‑  the jew's harp.jemmers   ‑  butt hinges to doors etc.jiggly   ‑  unsteady; easily upset.jĭke (vr)   ‑  to creak like an axle wanting grease.jing‑el (vr & n)   ‑  to jingle; a jingle.jimp (vr)   ‑  to indent a border.joap (jōpe) (vr)   ‑  to splash.   "It was o joapt an jarbelt", "He joapt me flooar wi his whĭteweishin."jonket   ‑  a large helping of anything.jowl (vr)   ‑  to shake up; to jolt.   Generally applied to liquids.jorney   ‑  journey.   jorneyman.jummel (vr & n)   ‑  jumble; confused mass. kæl   ‑  cabbage.   (I  kál = cabbage)kæl‑pot   ‑  a metal pot in which beef and vegetables are boiled.keck (vr)   ‑  to tip up a cart etc, to unload.     keck‑up cart   ‑  a tip cart.keck (vr)   ‑  to peep; to pry.keckel (vr)   ‑  to cackle; to giggle.keckly   ‑  unsteady; easily upset.kei   ‑  a key.   eish keis  ‑ seeds of ash tree.keish   ‑  cow parsnip; water hemlock.kelk   ‑  hemlock; wild beaked parsley.kelter   ‑  order; condition.   "He's i'heigh k‑."ken (vr)   ‑  to know; recognise.   (I  kenna = to know)kennin   ‑  recognition.   (I  kenning = mark of recognition)ken‑spak   ‑  easily recognisable.kep (vr)   ‑  to catch while falling; to fish with hook and line.     (I  kippa = to pull, to wrench, to pick.  "Kebbing" is still a fishing term used in Walney Channel and Morecambe Bay)keps   ‑  fishing tackle consisting of line and two curved sticks from the ends of which hang snoodin and hooks.kept   ‑  caught when falling.kep bo   ‑  hand ball.kers   ‑  cress, as watter kers.Kersmas   ‑  Christmas.kersen (vr)   ‑  to christen.kesk   ‑  cask.keslop   ‑  rennet; a calf's fourth stomach used for curdling milk.   (I  kæsir = rennet, hlaup = coagulated milk)kest   ‑  to cast; to throw out, as kest damp.kest   ‑  to cast fur or hair in animals; a cast or swarm of bees.kest on   ‑  to make loops on knitting needles.kessen   ‑  discarded, as k‑ clæas; cast off; to lay on the back unable to get up, as a k‑ sheep etc.kessen metal   ‑  cast iron etc.kestins   ‑  pellets of owls.ket   ‑  carrion; offal; filth.   (I  kvett; ket; kjöt = flesh)ketment   ‑  filth; rubbish.ketlock   ‑  charlock; wild mustard.kĭ   ‑  plural of cow.kibble (vr)   ‑  to walk ungainly.kibble (vr)   ‑  to quibble.kĭle   ‑  a boil; abscess.   (I  kýli = boil or abscess)kill   ‑  a kiln.kin   ‑  a crack in the skin; a son.kink   ‑  a twist; an angle.   (D; N  kink = twist, kink)kinnel (vr)   ‑  to kindle.kĭpe   ‑  to retort.kipper (fish)   ‑  salmon out of season after spawning.kirk   ‑  church.   (I  kirkja; D  kirke = church)kist   ‑  a chest, as breead k‑, linen k‑.   (I  kista = a chest)kĭsty   ‑  fastidious; squeamish.   (I  kveistinn = fastidious, peevish)kĭte   ‑  stomach, as puddin‑kĭte.   (I  kvithr = belly)kĭtel   ‑  a jerkin; short linen jacket with waist belt; a blouse.kittle (vr)   ‑  to tickle; easily affected by the touch, as traps, gun trigger etc; to bring forth kittens.   (I  kitla = to tickle)kittlish   ‑  ticklish; critical; delicate.kitlin   ‑  a kitten.   (I  kettlingur = a kitten)kizent   ‑  dried up; withered.knaa   ‑  to know.   (knaa, knæw, knaan)knaant   ‑  know not.knor   ‑  knur; round piece of hard wood.     (see the game "spell and knur")kooam   ‑  a comb.   (leish is to comb.) laa   ‑  low.   laaer, lower.læad (vr)   ‑  to load.   to lade [?]læad (n)   ‑  load.          of wheat  =  1½ bushels =  144 quarts or 280 lbs          ..  barley  =  2         ..      =  192       ..       312  ..          ..  oats     =  2½      ..      =  240       ..       300  ..læaden   ‑  laden.   læadan  ‑ lading.læaf   ‑  a loaf.   (I  hleifr = a loaf)læam (v & n)   ‑  lame.læan   ‑  laying (eggs).læap   ‑  leapt.   (see loŭp)læas (v & n)   ‑  lace (see whangs); also to flog.læat   ‑  late.   "Oor læat", too late.læath   ‑  loth.   "As læath at ga."læath   ‑  a barn or store.   (I  hlaða; D  lade = barn, store)læcho   ‑  a modified form of tennis, the ball thrown over a high wall, shed etc.lafter   ‑  a brood of chickens.la hurr!   ‑  view hallo for a hare; hunting cry.laggy   ‑  cry to bespeak the last turn; laggy yan being the last but one; laggy two and so on, as firry, secky, thirdy are 1st, 2nd & 3rd.læk (vr)   ‑  to play games.   (I  leika; N  leke = to play)lang, ‑er, ‑est   ‑  long, longer, longest.   (I  langr = long)lang streeakt   ‑  at full length.   (D  langstrakt = at full length)lang wæs   ‑  lengthways.lang‑el (vr)   ‑  to tie loosely two legs of a horse to prevent  straying.lang‑els   ‑  shackles and short chain for fastening the two near or two off feet of a horse.langkister loup   ‑  leap frog.lantern leets   ‑  horn in lantern sides.   "As thin as lantern leets."lant (vr)   ‑  to loose all the tricks at loo, or three card lant; the player who has lost all the tricks is lantit.lap (vr)   ‑  to wrap.lap   ‑  a small bundle of oat straw tied with straw drawn from one end of the bundle and twisted.lapsten   ‑  a cobbler's rest stone.   (I  lappa = to patch or cobble)larn (vr)   ‑  to learn; to teach.   "As larn i tĭme."lat   ‑  a lath.lat rĭver   ‑  a lath splitter.læt (vr)   ‑  to seek; to search for.     (I  leita; ON  leyta = to seek, search)latterly   ‑  of late.laverock   ‑  the lark.     laverock leas   ‑  a field name.leastan   ‑  whetstone for a scythe.leck (v & n)   ‑  leak.ledđħer   ‑  leather.lee (v & n)   ‑  to lie, a lie.leea (n)   ‑  a scythe.   (I  ljár; D  le; S  lie = a scythe)leead (n)   ‑  lead (metal).leead (vr)   ‑  to convey by cart.leeaf (n)   ‑  a leaf.   (pl.leeavs)leeak (v & n)   ‑  to look; a look.leeak (vr)   ‑  to examine; inspect, as "leak t'sheep".leean (n) [sic]  ‑  lean.leean   ‑  lying.leear   ‑  a liar.leeas   ‑  lease.leeav (vr)   ‑  to leave.leef   ‑  as soon; readily; gladly.leefer   ‑  rather; sooner.leem (v)   ‑  to shell out of the husk.     leemins   ‑  nuts that have shelled out of the husk.     leemers or brown leemers   ‑  ripe hazel nuts.leend   ‑  sheltered.     leender   ‑  more sheltered.leester   ‑  a fish spear.   For eels it has three flat serrated blades; for salmon three barbed prongs.     (I  ljóstr = salmon spear; N  åle lyster = eel spear)leet (v & n)   ‑  light; to alight.leet   ‑  lied; did lie.leets   ‑  lights; lungs.leetnin   ‑  lightning.leev (vr)   ‑  to live; reside.   leeft  ‑ lived; resided.lei   ‑  unploughed land; lea.leish (vr)   ‑  to comb.lennat   ‑  linnet (grey & green).[17]let on   ‑  to pretend; admit; disclose.letten   ‑  p.p. of let.lĭer   ‑  mixture of meal and water for thickening broth.lĭer (vr)   ‑  to thicken broth with meal.lig (v)   ‑  to lie down; to lay.   (I  leggja = to lay, place, put)[43]     ligan   ‑  lying down.     ligt   ‑  laid down; lay;   lien,  lain.lĭke   ‑  obliged; expected; likely.   "A's be lĭke at ga." "Betterner l‑." "Lĭke at be kilt."     lĭke mad   ‑  excessively.lĭle   ‑  little.   (N; D  lille = little)lilt   ‑  incline on one side.   "It gev a lilt an oor it went."ling   ‑  heath; heather.ling besom   ‑  broom made of ling.ling honey   ‑  honey gathered from heather.limmers   ‑  pair of cart shafts.lish   ‑  active; nimble.   "As lish as a trout."lisk   ‑  the groin.list   ‑  selvedge of woollen cloth.lither   ‑  lazy (a litherman's læad is a load intended to save a second journey); carrying too many articles at once.liver (vr)   ‑  to deliver goods.loav (lōv)   ‑  offer.   "A'd t'loav on it."lock   ‑  a quantity.   "A lile lock."lonnin   ‑  a lane.looan   ‑  a lane.looaz   ‑  to lose.   (looaz, lost, lost)lopper (vr)   ‑  to curdle; coagulate.     (I  hlaup = coagulated milk; ON  laupa = to congeal)lork (vr)   ‑  to cower; crouch down; lurk.loŭ (v & n)   ‑  flame; blaze.   (I  logi; D  lue = flame)loud out; loud up   ‑  aloud; loudly.louk (vr)   ‑  to root up; to eradicate.     (I  lok = to weed; D  luge = to weed an orchard)loukin‑tongs   ‑  instrument used for pulling up weeds, as thistles etc in arable land.        lound   ‑  calm; sheltered; tranquil.     (I  logn; S  lugn; D  lun = calm, tranquil, sheltered)lounder (vr)   ‑  to lounge; to dawdle; walk about idly.   To idly whittle a stick is called mæakan lounder pegs.loup (vr)   ‑  to leap; jump.   (loup, læap, loupt)     (N  løpe = to run; I  hlaupa = to run)loup (n)   ‑  a leap.louz (vr)   ‑  to loose, release.   (I  leysa = to release)lowp   ‑  a loop; stitch in knitting.lucky bæan   ‑  bone of a sheep carried for luck.lug (vr)   ‑  to pull the hair.   (S  lugg = forelock)lug   ‑  the ear.   (I  lög = law, so lug mark = lawful mark on the ear)lug mark   ‑  ear mark on sheep etc.         rittit   ‑  slit.      twice rittit   ‑  double slit.         hōve't   ‑  halved.               stō't   ‑  end cut square.                  stō forkt ‑           sneck bittit   ‑                   sheer bittit ‑          kei bittit ‑                          stappel bittit   ‑           forkt ‑                punch't   ‑  holed through.     fold bittit   ‑  the ear is folded and then cut, the mark resembling sneck bittit.     Note   ‑  bitted and halved may be on the upper or lower rim of ear.luggs   ‑  lob worms; worms from sea‑sand used for bait.lumber   ‑  confusion; mischief.lumpas   ‑  in a heap or lump.   "He com down lumpas."lunj (vr)   ‑  to drive a colt round in a circle when he is being broken in.  ma   ‑  me.maa   ‑  to mow.   (maa, mæw, maan)     maaer   ‑  mower.maa   ‑  the stomach.maa   ‑  a seagull.   (I  máfur = seagull)mæad   ‑  made.   p.p. of make.maak   ‑  a maggot.   (I  maðkur = maggot, worm)maak flee   ‑  blue bottle fly.mæak   ‑  to make.maander (vr)   ‑  to wander thoughtlessly about; meander.maap (vr)   ‑  to talk nonsense.maapment   ‑  nonsense.mæar   ‑  more.   (I  meiri = more)mæast   ‑  most.mæastly   ‑  mostly.mad   ‑  angry.maddel (vr)   ‑  to perplex; to confuse.maddelin   ‑  to be delirious.[66]maffel (vr)   ‑  to blunder.maffelhorn   ‑  a blunderer.Mæ gezlin   ‑  a second edition of an April fool made on May first.mak   ‑  make; sort.   "It taks o maks at mæak ivry mak."mækin   ‑  the yellow iris.[52]mang   ‑  a discordant noise, as "dog mang".[51]mænjy   ‑  peevish; pampered.manifaads   ‑  stomach of a cow, the one of the four with "many folds".manish (vr)   ‑  to manage.mannerly   ‑  polite; of good manners.mappen   ‑  perhaps.marra   ‑  companion; equal.marras   ‑  a pair.mæster (v & n)   ‑  master.mæsterful   ‑  violent; headstrong.matter   ‑  approve of; care about.   "A dout matter gaan."matter   ‑  approximating.   "fort'm‑ a that","fort'm‑ a three week","t'm‑ a sixpence".matterless   ‑  careless; improvident.mæzlin   ‑  one without much sense.me   ‑  my.masel   ‑  myself.meeal   ‑  meal; as "three bassens to t'meeal", "milk 3 meeals aad".meeal   ‑  oatmeal.meeal seeds   ‑  inner covering or husks of oats (or mill seeds) used as fuel etc.meear   ‑  a mare.meeat   ‑  meat; victuals or food of any kind.meeda   ‑  a meadow.mell (vr)   ‑  to meddle; to interfere.   (mell, melt, melt)     (I  miðla = to bring about terms in a dispute)     mell on   ‑  to meddle with.mell   ‑  a large wooden mallet; the prize given for the last in any competition.melđħer   ‑  quantity of grain ground at once; quantity of meal, flour etc.    (I  meldr = meal)mense   ‑  manliness; tact; propriety; decency; neatness; order.[3] [should be here]menseful   ‑  decent; respectable.menseless   ‑  unmannerly.[15]mer   ‑  a lake; sheet of water.meerstan   ‑  a boundary mark.mezzer (vr & n)   ‑  measure.mich   ‑  much.   "Mich wod hæ mæar."middert; middlemer   ‑  middle as to size, age, position etc.middin   ‑  manure heap; dung hill.middin craa   ‑  the carrion crow.miller thoum   ‑  the willow wren.mim   ‑  prim; precise.mĭnd   ‑  to remember; remembrance.   (I  minna = to remind)minnat   ‑  minute, 60 seconds.mirk   ‑  dark; dusk.   (ON  myrk = darkness)mirky   ‑  dull; dark coloured; misty.miscanter   ‑  mischance.mĭsh (vr)   ‑  to smash, to crush.[56]mittens   ‑  hedging gloves of strong leather.mix t~ur   ‑  mixture.mō'nt   ‑  must not.mod   ‑  might.     mod'nt   ‑  might not.moider (vr)   ‑  to distract; bewilder; confuse; embarrass.month   ‑  takes the plural without adding the final s.   "T'last two month."moo   ‑  mow; rick of hay.mooat   ‑  a moat.mooter   ‑  meal or flour claimed by a miller as his fee for grinding the grain.morđħer (v & n)   ‑  murder.mortal   ‑  very; a great quantity, as "a mortal lot", "mortal teert".morts   ‑  young salmon on first return from the sea.mot   ‑  a word.   "Wha ext thee at put thee mot in?"mot   ‑  mark pitched at (at quoits &c).mōte   ‑  malt.moŭd   ‑  mould; soil.moŭdbooard   ‑  the soil turning plate attached to a plough.moŭdewarp   ‑  the mole.   (I  moldvarpa; N  moldvarp = mole)muck (vr)   ‑  to manure the land; to clean out a stable or shippon.muck   ‑  manure; dung; dirt.   (I  myki = dirt, mud)mudđħer   ‑  mother.muffaties   ‑  woollen cuffs for the wrists.mugg   ‑  a sheep without horns; cross between Leicesters and Fell sheep.mull (vr)   ‑  to crumble into dust.mull   ‑  particles; small fragments, as peeat mull.mun   ‑  must.   (see mo'nt)   (I  mun = must)mun   ‑  the mouth.   (seldom used)   (I  munnr = mouth) næawar   ‑  nowhere.næa   ‑  no.     næabody  ‑ no one.   næ gæat  ‑ no how.næakt   ‑  naked.   (I  nekt = nakedness)næam (v & n)   ‑  name.næđħer   ‑  neither.naff   ‑  hub of a wheel.naggel   ‑  to gnaw.   (I  naga; N  nage = to gnaw)[68]nar   ‑  near; close to.     narmer   ‑  the nearer; closer to.     (I  naer hendis = near to)     narmest or narst   ‑  the nearest.[71]narra   ‑  narrow.natteran   ‑  rattling; jangling  ‑ like the noise made by window sashes loose.na t~ur   ‑  nature.neavel (vr)   ‑  to handle roughly; to damage or disfigure with the fists.   (I  hnefi = fist)neavy‑nack   ‑  children's game; guessing which fist contains the object.neb   ‑  a bill or beak; peak of a cap; cape or promontory.     (I  nef; D  næb = beak)nebber   ‑  neighbour.necht   ‑  having the neck broken.neđħer   ‑  nether (chiefly in place names).neđħermer   ‑  nethermost; lowest.neead (v & n)   ‑  need.neeaf   ‑  the fist.   (I  hnefi = fist)neeaf‑ful   ‑  a handful.neeak   ‑  a nook.   "In't neeak"  ‑ lately confined of a child.neeakelt (cow)   ‑  new calved cow.neean   ‑  noon.neer   ‑  a kidney.   (see conneer)     neer end of a loin is the kidney end.neet   ‑  night.neet haak   ‑  the night‑jar.neish   ‑  weak; soft; tender.ner   ‑  nor; than.   "Bigger ner t'tudher", "Better ner lĭke."new‑cumt   ‑  lately arrived.[65]nesp (vr)   ‑  to nip off the stalks and withered flower from the fruit of gooseberries.nick (v & n)   ‑  notch.niggert   ‑  iron cheeks placed in a fire grate in order to save fuel.nin   ‑  none; not.   "He'll gaa nin."nip (up) (vr)   ‑  to pick up hastily.niver   ‑  never.   "niver eny mæar"  ‑ not again.nobut   ‑  only.   "nobut yan."  Not used in the sense of the only one (see o).   Always prefixed.     (One of the late Norman Nicholson's best loved poems bears the title "Nobbut Gog".)noggy wĭfe threead   ‑  unbleached thread.nooas   ‑  nose.     nooaselt   ‑  brought up; reared.nooat (v & n)   ‑  note.nooatis (v & n)   ‑  notice.norse (v & n)   ‑  nurse.noŭt   ‑  nothing; naught.  o   ‑  all; the only.   "That's o t'wæ." "It's o t'yan he hes."obbut   ‑  except; all but.   "O obbut yan"  ‑ all except one.odd, (h)oad   ‑  a headland (in place names).     (I  oddur = point:  cf. Greenodd, Hoad Hill)oddments   ‑  odds and ends.offcums   ‑  strangers.   (I  af‑kvaemi = stranger:  see Rev.Thomas Ellwood, "Lakeland and Iceland", English Dialect Society, 1895)offer (vr)   ‑  to attempt.olas   ‑  always.omer (vr)   ‑  to overshadow.omert   ‑  densely shaded by trees.on   ‑  before a vowel, of.   (a before a consonant)ony   ‑  only.   "a ony son." see nobut.oor   ‑  over, as oor'tfell; oort'brig.oortak (v)   ‑  overtake.   (oortak, oortæak, oortakken)oppen (n & vr)   ‑  open; to open.orchan   ‑  hedgehog.orchet   ‑  orchard.oŭt   ‑  anything; aught.outrake   ‑  a common outpasture.   (I  út = out) paaps   ‑  a muddler; one who poaps about.   (see poapan)paams (palms)   ‑  catkins of willows.pæast (v & n)   ‑  paste.pæasty   ‑  pale (faced).paatan   ‑  reaching out the hand.pæav (n & vr)   ‑  pave.   pæavin stæans  ‑ paving stones.[57]pad   ‑  a path, as cow pad.   (see trod.) cow pad  ‑ the dirtiest part of the road.paddle (vr)   ‑  to trample underfoot.paddock   ‑  a toad.   (I  padda; N  padde = a toad)paddock‑steeal   ‑  a toad stool.pan on   ‑  agree very well; fraternise.pæn   ‑  pain or penalty.pæn‑leeakers   ‑  officers of manorial courts who see to pains and penalties incurred.  [Pain‑lookers]     (On Walney Island "pane‑lookers" were appointed to be responsible for the "panes" or sluice gates in the dikes on the island which prevented high tides from flooding agricultural land.)pant   ‑  a pit; a cess pit, as mĭre pant.par   ‑  a pair.parlish   ‑  parlous; exceedingly great; an intensifying term.parrock   ‑  a small pasture field.parson nooas   ‑  posterior of a bird (cooked).pash   ‑  downfall.   "A girt pash a ræn."pastđħer, pas t~ur (v & n)   ‑  pasture.pæt   ‑  paid, p.p. of pay.peck (measure)   ‑  for grain, 24 Winchester quarts.   see hoop.pee (vr)   ‑  to aim by closing one eye.peet   ‑  blind of one eye.peeakan   ‑  peeping.peeas   ‑  peace.   "Peeas an wĭatness." (for piece, bit is used)peeat   ‑  peat; turf for fuel.peedlan   ‑  going about slyly and noiselessly.   (piddling)peekt   ‑  sick.peer   ‑  a pear.peg‑leg   ‑  cork leg; man with wooden leg.pei   ‑  a pea.pei swads   ‑  pods of peas.pellet gun   ‑  pop gun made of an elder branch.pelter   ‑  to be in a passion.pelt   ‑  a pelting rain.pettel (vr)   ‑  to do any light work.pentus   ‑  penthouse; overhanging eaves.[81]pĭat   ‑  magpie.pick (vr)   ‑  to pitch.   (not the noun)pick‑dark   ‑  dark as pitch.pick‑fork   ‑  a pitchfork.pick her cōfe   ‑  to calve prematurely.[48]piggin   ‑  a wooden pail, with one stave projecting to serve as a handle.pig nut   ‑  root of Bunium flexuosum.pĭke (vr)   ‑  to pick; to gather.pĭkt   ‑  picked.   "He pĭkt hissel up."[20]pill‑gill   ‑  a quack doctor's display; any show at a fair or market; a term of contempt.pilliver   ‑  pillow case.[21]pippins   ‑  pips of apple or pear.pissmĭres   ‑  ants.   (N, I  maur; S  myra = ant)pissibed   ‑  dandelion.pitch (vr)   ‑  to pave with large stones.plat   ‑  piece of ground specially prepared.   "Peeats i plat"  ‑ peats arranged on the ground and not put into stack.plat an plæn   ‑  clearly; distinctly.   "A telt it plat an plæn."pleeas (vr) to please.ploo (v & n)   ‑  to plough.[58]ploo stilts   ‑  plough handles.ploum   ‑  a plum.plum   ‑  plumb.poapan, pōpan   ‑  wandering about foolishly; going about aimlessly.   "He was poapan about in't'dark."poat, pōt (vr)   ‑  to poke with a stick or the hand.pod (vr)   ‑  to stretch forward the hand; to thrust out the hand, generally used when shooting marbles; to lunge the hand forward.   (variation of poat)poddish   ‑  porridge.pockert   ‑  pocket.poo   ‑  a pool; the tidal portion of a beck.poo (vr)   ‑  to pull; to pluck; to gather.pooach (vr)   ‑  to poach.pooacher   ‑  a poacher.pooak   ‑  a bag; pouch; small sack.[77]pop   ‑  a dot; spot on cards.porpus   ‑  purpose.   a porpus  ‑ on purpose.porse   ‑  a purse.poss (vr)   ‑  to push; applied to calves and lambs when sucking.post (short o)   ‑  post.potter   ‑  a hawker of crockery.potter (vr)   ‑  to daudle; to saunter at a job; to blunder over work.pot scar   ‑  piece of broken pottery.     (N  potteskår; D  potteskarr = potsherd)pot ræl   ‑  a plate rack.pouk   ‑  a boil; a pimple.pow   ‑  the head; poll; a pole.powcat   ‑  pole cat or foumart.pou loupan   ‑  pole high leap.preeach (vr)   ‑  to preach.prod   ‑  to thrust with a stick etc.prōker   ‑  sometimes used for a poker.provin   ‑  provisions; provinder.prŭk (v & n)   ‑  prick.puddin‑kĭte   ‑  an unfledged bird.pum   ‑  the kind of bat used in the game 'spell and knur'.pum stick   ‑  handle to a pum.pummer   ‑  extra large.punch (vr)   ‑  to kick with the (man's) foot.   (not applied to a animals' kicks   ‑  kicks by horses, cattle etc.)punch bo   ‑  foot ball.pund   ‑  a pound.   (plural same as singr)pun faad   ‑  pinfold; pound for strayed cattle.purly post   ‑  a spinning top used in games.   It is marked on its four sides:     T. tak yan;   P. put yan               S. sweep o &  L. let t alæan put (v)   ‑  to butt with the head.putty cow   ‑  a butting cow.putten   ‑  p.p. of put; placed etc.   "Hes gaan an putten putten when he sud a putten put, teacher."puzzen (v & n)   ‑  poison.puzzent   ‑  poisoned. quality   ‑  gentry, gentle folk, tourists.quey   ‑  female calf.   (see whĭ)quindam   ‑  name for the fifteenths; an ancient tax, and the assessment on which the county rates were laid.     (For further information and quotation from Walney Church Book see J P Morris "Words and Phrases of Furness", London 1869, p.74) raa   ‑  uncooked; chill; a line of anything.   "Ther o i a raa."     (see also "rear")ræad (v)   ‑  rode.   (see rĭde)ræak (v & n)   ‑  rake.[18]ræap (v & n)   ‑  rope.   (I  reip = rope)ræas (v & n)   ‑  race.ræav (v)   ‑  tore; split.   (see rĭve)ræaz (v)   ‑  rose; arose.   (see rĭse)rabblement   ‑  rabble.ræđħer   ‑  rather.rag   ‑  hoar frost.ramish   ‑  rank; pungent; sharp; acid.   (I  rammr = rank, strong) rammel (v & n)   ‑  ramble.   ramler  ‑ rambler.   ramlan  ‑ rambling.ramps   ‑  wild onions.ramison   ‑  a long tedious tale.rang   ‑  wrong.rank   ‑  violent; as rank smittal; r‑ puzzen.rank   ‑  close together.rannelt   ‑  streaked irregularly.rannel‑bōk   ‑  cross beam in a chimney from which the     ratton creeak is suspended.   (I  balkr = beam)ranty   ‑  in a frantic state.ratch (vr)   ‑  to stretch; draw out.ratten   ‑  a rat.ratton creeak   ‑  arrangement consisting of a rack and crook for hanging cooking utensils over a fire.ravel (vr)   ‑  to undo knitting or weaving.rear   ‑  half cooked (meat); underdone.recklin   ‑  the weakest of a litter which is usually the last.   Also applied to the weakest or puniest in a family.     (ON  recklingr = outcast)reeach (vr)   ‑  reach.reeans   ‑  reins; strips of uncultivated land between dales or allotments.   (ON; I  rein = grassy strip around a cornfield)reeason   ‑  reason; right.   "reeson er nin."reeasty   ‑  rancid.reeat (v & n)   ‑  a root (fibrous); to uproot.reeat weltil   ‑  sheaves of corn in the field with the ends opened and exposed to the wind before housing.ree (vr)   ‑  to winnow with seive or riddle.ree‑roo (vr)   ‑  to give grain an eddying motion in a riddle.reeden   ‑  cross; ill‑tempered.reemin   ‑  brim full and frothing over; foaming up.   "reemin times"   (I  rim = outer edge or rim)reesty   ‑  stubborn; obstinate.   Applied to horses refusing to draw or move.reet   ‑  right; wright, as mill‑reet.reishes   ‑  rushes.render (vr)   ‑  to melt down fat and convert it into lard.     (I  renna = to cause to run)retorn   ‑  return.rezzer   ‑  a razor.rhŭd stæak   ‑  post to which cows are chained in shippons.rid (vr)   ‑  to grub up.rĭde (v)   ‑  to ride.   (rĭde, ræad, rŭdden)   (I  riða = to ride)rift (vr)   ‑  to belch.rig   ‑  a ridge (in a ploughed field).riggin   ‑  the ridge of a building.riggin stæans   ‑  ridge stones.rĭse   ‑  to rise.   (rĭse, ræaz, rŭssen)rĭsh   ‑  rash; a rash.rit   ‑  a scratch, cut or nick made as a mark: a slit in a sheep's ear.rittit   ‑  having the ear slit.rit‑foor   ‑  the opening cut furrow in ploughing.rĭve   ‑  to split; to tear.   (rĭve, ræav, rovven)     (I  rífa; D  rive = to tear, split)     rĭver   ‑  splitter.   lat rĭver.   slæat rĭver.roak, rōke   ‑  mist; fog.roan‑tree   ‑  the mountain ash.     (ON  reynir; D  ro n træ; S  rönn = mountain ash, rowan)rogue (vr)   ‑  to cheat; to deal unfairly.rōne   ‑  the roe of fish.   (N; D  rogn = to spawn)rooad   ‑  road.rooar (vr)   ‑  to roar; cry loudly; weep.rooast (vr)   ‑  to roast.roul (vr)   ‑  to roll.   rouler   ‑  roller.roum   ‑  room.roŭt   ‑  see wroŭt.rovven   ‑  split; torn.   (see rĭve)[67][16]rŭd   ‑  red.   see also rhŭd.   (I  rauður; N  rød = red;      cf. Eirikr Rauði = Eric the Red)ruklin   ‑  a rattling in the throat.rum   ‑  queer.rumshun   ‑  a disturbance (rumpus).   (I  rumr = a noise)rŭn (v)   ‑  run.russel (vr)   ‑  wrestle.russler   ‑  wrestler. 's   ‑  short for is; are; shall; has.[45]sæ    ‑  say; influence.   "He's a girt sæ here."sæable   ‑  influenced by what is said to him.   "He's varra sæable."     (sæd ‑ "He wæn't be sæd", will not notice what is said to him.)saa   ‑  a saw; to sow.   (saa, sæw, saan)   (I  sá = to sow)saa (v)   ‑  saw.   (see see)sæaf   ‑  safe; certain.sæal (v & n)   ‑  sale; sail.sæal‑coer   ‑  auctioneer.sæam   ‑  same.saant   ‑  shall not.sæap   ‑  soap.sæar   ‑  sore; painful.   (I  sár = sore)saas (v & n)   ‑  sauce.     saasy   ‑  saucy.saat   ‑  sawed (cut with a saw).sæavo   ‑  save all; a child's money box.sæav (vr)   ‑  to save.saan   ‑  sowed  ‑ sown; sawn.sabble (vr)   ‑  to drink; to sup.   "Cum now, sabble."sackless   ‑  useless; helpless.     (I  saklaus = simple, without energy, innocent, free of blame)sad   ‑  firm.   Unfermented and badly fermented bread is also called sad.sahow   ‑  however.   "A cant sahow & [?] try."St.John nut   ‑  nut with two kernels.St.Mary nut   ‑  nut with three kernels.sal   ‑  shall.sæm   ‑  lard; saim.sammel   ‑  pinnel; hard loam gravel.sampleth   ‑  another name for a sampler.   (needlework)[69]sandy   ‑  a boy's marble of inferior kind.sang   ‑  a song.santer   ‑  a cause of delay.   "It was a sad santer."sap heead   ‑  a term of contempt.sap whissel   ‑  a whistle made from a branch of the sycamore when the sap is running, by removing uninjured and then replacing the bark after the required notches have been made.sarra   ‑  serve; suffice; to feed (animals).sarten   ‑  certain.   sartenty  ‑ certainty.sarvent   ‑  servant.sarpleth   ‑  another name for surplice.savin   ‑  juniper.     (Savin cole was charcoal made from juniper wood.  This produced the finest charcoal and was therefore much prized in the manufacture of gunpowder.)sæw (vr)   ‑  to sew.   (2) sowed.scablins   ‑  stone chippings.[70]scale (vr)   ‑  to disperse; scatter.     (I  skilja = to separate, to divorce)scar   ‑  a cliff; bare rock.   (I  sker = an isolated rock, skerry)     ‑  a shoal; stony bed on foreshore.     ‑  wild; shy; timid; fearful.     (vr)   ‑  to scare.scarf or scarth   ‑  a cormorant.scarn   ‑  dung.   (I  skarn = dung)scatter (vr)   ‑  to let drop; to let fall.scoad (vr)   ‑  to scald.scoap   ‑  the scalp.   "bær scoap"  ‑ bald head.scoor (vr)   ‑  to score.   (n)  ‑ a score; scores.scorr   ‑  a slide; to slide on ice.   (see scroo)scoggers   ‑  see skoggers.scoprel   ‑  a circular disc of bone or wood which when covered with cloth formed a button.     ‑  a spinning top made out of a wooden disc or the end of a bobbin.sconse   ‑  a seat in a recess.   "Sconse thisel"  ‑ be seated out of the way.   (I  skonsa = a nook in a house)scouses   ‑  meat and potatoes cooked together; without a crust of pastry.   (N  skaus, lapskaus = a form of stew)scoŭp   ‑  a ladle or scoop used for meal, flour, etc.      scowder (vr)   ‑  to hurry, rush off, scurry.scraak (v & n)   ‑  screech, as a hen, wildfowl, peacock etc.     (I  skraekja; N  skrike = to shriek)scraal (vr)   ‑  to scramble an article.scræap (vr)   ‑  to scrape.scraffel (v & n)   ‑  to struggle; scramble.     (ON  skreflas = to keep one's feet with difficulty)scram   ‑  the rind of cheese.scrap   ‑  a place baited to attract birds.scrat (v & n)   ‑  scratch.scratlins   ‑  the refuse of animal fat after melting out the tal­low.scree (vr)   ‑  to clear grain from husks, dirt and rubbish.     (n)   ‑  a large riddle for cleaning grain.screed   ‑  a shred; rag; piece of cloth.   (I  skridna = to be torn) screeam (v & n)   ‑  scream.screes   ‑  a slope of broken fragments of rock at the foot of a cliff.scroggs   ‑  rocky ground covered with trees and brushwood.scroo (v & n)   ‑  slide on ice.   (The older form appears to be scorr)scrood ‑ stunted; dwarfed; deformed; defective (applied to trees etc).scrow   ‑  in disorder; confusion; untidy; a disturbance.scrowan   ‑  disarranging things when cleaning.scrud   ‑  a defective (boy's) marble; inferior and mis‑shapen.   (see scrood)scruff   ‑  nape (of the neck).scrunty   ‑  stunted; thin growth.scudđħer (vr)   ‑  to hurry about confusedly.scufter (vr)   ‑  ‑do.‑ ‑do.‑     (n) [sic]   ‑  to be in a state of perplexity.scun (vr)   ‑  to throw; to hurl.     (I  skun = to throw with a quick and hasty effort)scut   ‑  tail board of a cart.   (I  skutr = the stern)scuttle   ‑  shallow wicker basket, as corn scuttle; breead scuttle, used for oat cakes.sebben   ‑  seven.seck   ‑  a sack.sed   ‑  said.see   ‑  to see.   (see, saa, seen)seea   ‑  sea.   full seea  ‑ high water.     seea sĭke   ‑  a sea embankment.     seea pĭe   ‑  the oyster catcher.     seea maa   ‑  any sea gull.     seea pink   ‑  thrift (Armeria maritima)seeals   ‑  willows.seean   ‑  soon.   (I  senn = soon)seeat   ‑  a seat; soot.seeds   ‑  covering of oats (see meeal seeds).   "A can mæek næđħer meeal ner seeds on him."seet (v & n)   ‑  sight.seevs   ‑  rushes.   (I  sef; D  siv = a rush)segs   ‑  horny skin on the palms of the hands, and soles of the feet.   (I  sigg = thick, hard skin)selt   ‑  sold.   p.p. of sell.sen   ‑  since; ago.   "Sebben year sen."set (v)   ‑  to accompany part of the way; to place eggs under a hen for setting; to plant; to sow peas etc by hand.     (I  setja = to place or set in the right direction)Setterda   ‑  Saturday.sewer   ‑  sure.sewerlĭ   ‑  surely.setten   ‑  p.p. of set.shaad   ‑  shoal; shallow water.shaal   ‑  shallow; half witted.[47]shafflin   ‑  vacillating; shifty; shuffling.shak   ‑  to shake; to tremble.   (shak, shakt  ‑ shæak, shakken)     "He's gittin aad an shakken." "Me hand shæak when a shakt his."sham (vr & n)   ‑  shame.shamt   ‑  ashamed.shandry   ‑  a spr[u]ng cart.shap (vr & n)   ‑  to shape; shape.shær   ‑  did shear.   (see sheer)sharpt   ‑  sharpened.sharp (vr)   ‑  to sharpen.shæwl   ‑  to shuffle in walking; to walk lame.shed (vr)   ‑  to part the hair; a parting as in watershed.sheddins   ‑  partings made in the fleece of a sheep when salving.sheel (v)   ‑  to shell peas; to split the pod to extract the peas, beans etc.   (I  skilja = to separate)shelt   ‑  p.p. of sheel.sheer   ‑  to reap.   (sheer, shær, shorn)sheerer   ‑  a reaper.sheerin out   ‑  end of reaping in harvest.   (not the 'harvest home')shelvins   ‑  a framework for increasing the carrying capacity of a cart during hay time and harvest.shircock   ‑  the missel thrush.shilf   ‑  a shelf.shilla   ‑  shingle; small gravel.shillin   ‑  shilling.   (unaltered in the plural)shoen   ‑  shoes.shoađħer   ‑  shoulder.shoor   ‑  the shore; beach.shoŭp   ‑  fruit of the wild rose.shudđħer (v & n)   ‑  a heavy fall of earth or rock; sudden col­lapse of a wall or building.   "It com down wi a shudđħer."shuppen   ‑  shippon; cow‑house.shut a   ‑  rid of.   "As be shut a that un."shutten   ‑  p.p. of shut.[28]sic   ‑  such.     siclĭke   ‑  such.sĭde (vr)   ‑  to set aside; to put in order.sĭke   ‑  a water course through wet land; a drain.   (not so large as a beck)   (I  síki = small stream)sĭle (vr)   ‑  to strain; applied to milk.     (I  síla (Eastern Iceland) = to strain milk)sĭme   ‑  a straw rope used in thatching stacks, etc.     (I  síma = cord or rope)sĭme twĭner   ‑  machine for twisting straw ropes.simples   ‑  folly; doing foolish things.   "He wants nickan for't simples."sind (vr)   ‑  to rinse; wash down.sĭpe (vr)   ‑  to drain in drops; to drip.   (D  sive = to drip)sĭne (vr)   ‑  to drain dry; to leave off milking cows before calving.sing‑el   ‑  single.sista!   ‑  look! (seest thou)sitha!   ‑  look!sitten   ‑  p.p. of sit.skeel (vr)   ‑  to strip the outer covering from oats.   (see skillins)skelp (vr)   ‑  to strike.skelter (vr)   ‑  to scamper.sken (vr)   ‑  to squint; a squint.skeldræk   ‑  common sheld duck.skĭander   ‑  to scatter or to put to flight by shouting or scolding.skift (vr)   ‑  to shift; to remove.   (I  skifta = to shift)skillins   ‑  uncrushed oats with the outer covering removed.skinner   ‑  one who tans and prepares leather for gloves.skinny   ‑  stingy; mean.skirl (vr)   ‑  to shriek; to call loudly.skoggars   ‑  outer sleeves worn to protect the arms from grease and dirt; often made out of long woollen stockings with the feet cut off; usually worn when salving sheep.shreedins   ‑  outer covering of barley separated from the grain.   (see creet barley)slaa   ‑  slow; slowly.     slaer   ‑  slower; more slowly.     slaest   ‑  slowest.slæa   ‑  fruit of the blackthorn; sloe.     (D  slaa = fruit of the blackthorn)slæa worm   ‑  blind worm.slaak (vr)   ‑  to streak in an objectionable manner; to smear with the fingers.slæaf (slæavs) (n & vr)   ‑  slave.   "work an slæav."slæat (v & n)   ‑  to slate; a slate.slæater   ‑  slater.slæat rĭver   ‑  slate splitter.slack   ‑  a hollow; a depression.   (I  slakki = hollow, boggy place)slam (vr)   ‑  to beat an opponent in a game before he has scored a point.slæp   ‑  slippery.   (I  sleipr = slippery)slashy   ‑  slushy; miry; sloppy; wet weather; applied also to roads.slatter (vr)   ‑  to spill water; to slop.   (I  sletta = to dash)     (n)   ‑  a slop.slattery   ‑  showery (weather); sloppy.[9]sleck (v)   ‑  to slake; to quench; to cool with water.     (I  slekka = to slake)sledđħer (vr)   ‑  to loiter; to drag the feet when walking.sleevless   ‑  useless.slemp (vr)   ‑  to slink.slidđħer (vr)   ‑  to slip; to slide down.slĭpe (vr)   ‑  to slice away; to stroke off; to slip off; to defraud.slocken   ‑  to quench thirst or fire.     (I  slokkva = to extinguish; N  slokke = to quench, to extinguish)slog (vr)   ‑  to hit hard; to strike.slonk (v)   ‑  to slink or sneak about.     (n)   ‑  an idle slinking fellow.slop   ‑  a loose linen jacket with waist belt.slops   ‑  trousers; legs of trousers.   "Roŭl thee slops up."sluppen   ‑  slipped; abortion.slutch   ‑  mud; slush.smiddy   ‑  a smith's shop; smithy.     (N  smed = a smith; I  smiðja = smithy)smit (v & n)   ‑  a mark; to smear; smeared.smittal   ‑  infectious; contagious.   (N  smittsom = infectious)smo   ‑  small.smook (v & n)   ‑  to smoke; smoke.smooker   ‑  smoker.smoot   ‑  the run of a hare or other animal through a fence; a narrow passage.   (N  smau = narrow passage)     (A rabbit smoot was a small hole left in the base of a dry‑stone wall through which rabbits had access to fields.  However, on one side a slate lined pit covered with hinged boards was strategically placed; when the pin was removed from the boards the rabbits then fell into the trap ‑ and rabbit pie was on the menu the following day!)smudđħer (vr)   ‑  to smother.snaa (n & v)   ‑  snow; to snow.   (snaa, snæw, snaan)snaabo (n & vr)   ‑  snowball.snap   ‑  a hard crisp gingerbread cake.snæp (vr)   ‑  to check; to snub; to rebuke.     (I  sneipa = to snub, to check)snarl   ‑  a knot that will not slip, and cannot be drawn loose.snæw   ‑  snowed; did snow.sneck (n)   ‑  the latch of a door or gate.     (v)   ‑  to latch a door.   "Ist'dooar sneckt?"snerl (vr)   ‑  to sneer; to turn up the nose.snert (vr)   ‑  to sniff contemptuously.snertel   ‑  restrained laughter.snifter (vr)   ‑  to sniff.snig   ‑  a small eel.snirp (vr)   ‑  to shrivel (with cold, heat drought etc).snod   ‑  smooth; sleek.[54]snoor (v & n)   ‑  snore.snout band   ‑  a thin plate of iron or brass nailed to the toe of a clog sole.snotter (v)   ‑  to sob.sock (vr)   ‑  to beat; to strike.soft   ‑  damp; rainy.sonse (vr)   ‑  to stupefy.sonst   ‑  stupefied.soo   ‑  a sow.sooa   ‑  so, shortened to s'‑.   "s'lang as".   "du sooa"  ‑ do so.sooal (vr)   ‑  to beat; to sole (boots).     (n)   ‑  the sole of a boot; a sole (fish).sooaler   ‑  calculated to surpass.soopel (v & n)   ‑  to thrash; the swinging part of a flail.[72]soss   ‑  the sound caused by a heavy body falling; a thud.sōte (v & n)   ‑  salt.sotter (vr)   ‑  to boil slowly; to simmer.soŭ   ‑  a deep moaning sound; the sound of surf breaking on shingle.souk (vr)   ‑  to suck.souker   ‑  a suckling; the lump‑fish; a pump leather; a toy made of a disc of leather.[63]soŭt   ‑  sought.   "Its soŭt efter." (see sæt)sōve (vr & n)   ‑  salve.sōver   ‑  one who salves sheep.sowan   ‑  extremely.   "Sowan girt."spæad   ‑  a spade.spæan (vr)   ‑  to wean (lambs etc).   (I  speni = animal teat)spang (v)   ‑  to spring; to bound.spar   ‑  spare; to spare.sparpel (vr)   ‑  to disperse.sparra   ‑  a sparrow.sparrables   ‑  nails in boot soles.sparlings   ‑  smelts, Lesser terns.spats   ‑  short gaiters for the ankles.spalsh   ‑  to split off from the side of a board or plank.span   ‑  spun; did spin.speeak   ‑  to speak.   (speeak, spæak, spokken)[80]specks   ‑  leather protectors to soles of clogs and shoes.speckt   ‑  protected with 'specks'.speel   ‑  a small splinter of wood, generally found in the flesh.     (I  spelkr = splinter of wood.  See also "spelks")speel‑bæan ‑ the side bone of the leg.spelks   ‑  wooden pegs for fixing thatch, tiles etc.spelkt   ‑  fastened with spelks.spell   ‑  trap used in the game of spell and knurr.      spink   ‑  the chaffinch.spinnely   ‑  tall and slender.spĭles   ‑  piles, wooden props, a bridge.splitten   ‑  p.p. of split.spooarts   ‑  sports; athletic meetings.spors   ‑  spurs.spot   ‑  a place, as fire spot; situation.sprag (vr)   ‑  to stop a wheel by inserting a chock between the spokes.     (n)   ‑  anything used to sprag wheels.spreead (vr)   ‑  to spread.     (n)   ‑  a display.   "Theres a fĭne spreead!"spring clogs   ‑  clogs with the wooden soles in two pieces, hinged under the instep with leather.sprint   ‑  a snare with stick and noose to catch birds; a springe.   [sic]sprittel (vr)   ‑  to speckle.sproag (vr)   ‑  to ramble about on pleasure.sprod   ‑  the young salmon or salmon trout.   "a run a sprods an morts."[30]stæal   ‑  did steal; stole.stæable   ‑  stable.stæad   ‑  stood; withstood.stæak   ‑  a stake; a steak.     ‑  to fasten or bolt with a stake or wooden pin.stæan   ‑  stone.stæan‑check   ‑  the stone chat.stæatsman   ‑  yeoman; landowner.stag   ‑  a young horse (colt or filly).stag brŭker   ‑  a horse tamer.stand   ‑  to stand.   (stand, stæad, stidden)stang   ‑  a cart shaft; pole; rail; the sting of a bee or wasp.     (N; D  stang = pole; I  stöng = a post, a pole)stang (vr)   ‑  to sting.   stangt  ‑ stung.stang‑ers   ‑  ironwork (hanging) to a door or gate.   see hing‑ins.stank   ‑  a pool; an embankment forming a pool.stappel   ‑  staple.starft   ‑  suffering from cold.stærups   ‑  (stay ropes) loops to a saddle.   (iron stirrups were only introduced about the beginning of the 19th century.)stæs   ‑  the breechin in cart harness.stævel   ‑  to stumble along; to grope one's way.stee   ‑  a ladder.     (I  stigi = a ladder, stígur = path:  cf. Stye Head Pass)steead   ‑  site; place, as moo s‑, midden s‑.     (I  staðr = a place)steeal   ‑  a stool; as coppy s‑, pig s‑, sheep s‑, churn s‑, milkin s‑.steeal   ‑  the long straight handle or shaft to a rake etc.steeal (v)   ‑  to steal.   (steeal, stæal, stoŭn)steel   ‑  a stile.   (I  stagl = stile; D  steile = stile)steer   ‑  steep; precipitous.steg   ‑  a gander.   (I  steggr; N  stegg = a male bird:  cf. Stag mains in cock fighting)stetch   ‑  the refusal to act or work, applied to animals or machinery.   "Its tekken t'stetch."stick (vr)   ‑  to stab; to cut an animal's throat.   stickt  ‑ stuck.     sticken   ‑  stuck; stabbed.stickin bit   ‑  the piece of meat near the place where the animal was stuck; any piece of butcher's meat that does not readily sell.stidden   ‑  stood; withstood.   p.p. of stand.stiddy   ‑  an anvil.   (I  stiði = an anvil.  See J P Morris "Words and Phrases of Furness", London 1869)stilts   ‑  plough handles.stĭme   ‑  a faint outline visible in the dark, or in a fog.stitches   ‑  the ridges on which turnips etc are grown.stō   ‑  a stall.stōter, stoater (vr)   ‑  to stagger; to walk with a swagger; to walk unsteadily.[14]stodj (n & vr)   ‑  satiating food; to satiate.     stodjt   ‑  satiated; cloyed.stoop   ‑  a gate post.[62]stōt   ‑  satiated; tired; wearied; cut off square.stoppel   ‑  the stem of a pipe.stordy   ‑  sulky; obstinate; a disease in sheep affecting the brain.stot   ‑  a young ox.stoŭn   ‑  stolen.stouk   ‑  a dozen sheaves of corn piled together; five on each side with two 'hat sheaves' for thatch.[50]strang   ‑  strong.   strang‑er  ‑ stronger.stræak   ‑  struck.streea   ‑  straw.streeakt   ‑  stretched; prostrate.   "liggan lang streeakt."stræad   ‑  strode; did stride.strĭke   ‑  to kick, applied to horses, cattle etc.strĭke   ‑  to strike.   (strĭke, stræak or strŭk, strŭkken)     "A strŭk him." "A stræak at him." "A stræak out." "A was strŭkken o on a heeap."strickle   ‑  an instrument used in sharpening scythes.   (Fine sand and lard rubbed into wood.)strinty   ‑  a poor thin crop; stunted.strinkel (vr)   ‑  to sprinkle.strop   ‑  a strap; a leather waist belt.strĭdilegs   ‑  astride; with legs apart.strŭk   ‑  a stirk; a yearling beast.strŭkken   ‑  stricken; struck.strŭp (vr)   ‑  to strip.     strŭppins   ‑  the last of the milk drawn from a cow.     strŭp‑milked   ‑  milked for a second time; giving little milk.stupid   ‑  obstinate; wilful.stut (vr)   ‑  to stammer.suck (ploo suck)   ‑  plough share; the point of a plough.sud   ‑  should.   sud'nt  ‑ should not.summat   ‑  something.sump   ‑  a miry place; a pit for collecting drainage.     (D  sump = mire or puddle)sup (vr)   ‑  to drink.swad   ‑  the pod of peas, beans etc.swæavel (vr)   ‑  to wobble; to run out of truth [sic] (as a wheel).swæel (vr)   ‑  to burn unsteadily.     (I  svaela = heat accompanied by smoke)swæey, swei   ‑  a swing; to swing.   (I  sveigia = to swing)     swei't   ‑  swang; swung.     swei‑an   ‑  swinging.swalla hooal   ‑  a fissure in limestone 'swallowing' all water entering.swammel (vr)   ‑  to climb a pole, rope or tree by grasping it with the arms and knees.swankin   ‑  strong; lusty; uncommonly big; burly.swanky   ‑  small beer.swap (vr)   ‑  to exchange; to swop.swær   ‑  swore.sward   ‑  the rind of bacon.swashy   ‑  watery.swat   ‑  a flat dropping of cow dung.swatch (vr)   ‑  to cut off; to clip.     (n)   ‑  a small bill hook; a tally; a piece cut off to serve as a pattern.swæth   ‑  the breadth of corn or grass cut by the sweep of a scythe.sweear (v)   ‑  to swear.   (sweear, swær, sworn)sweeat (v & n)   ‑  sweat.swei (vr)   ‑  to swing.   (see swæey)   (I  sveigia = to swing)     (n)   ‑  a swing.swelt   ‑  swelled; swollen.swill   ‑  a flat basket, with oval holes at each end for the hands; offal given to pigs.swill tub   ‑  receptacle for swill.swiller   ‑  a basket maker.[38]swing‑el   ‑  an instrument for beating hemp; the swinging part of a flail.   (I  svingla = to rotate)swingel‑tree   ‑  the bar to which the traces are attached.swinj (vr)   ‑  to singe.[44]swĭnt   ‑  warped; twisted.swĭpe   ‑  to sweep, as to sweep the stakes; to strike a swinging blow.   (not to sweep up dust or dirt.)swĭpe o   ‑  to win all the stakes.swĭpe   ‑  a sweep, as of a scythe; a long swinging stroke.swirl   ‑  an eddy.swirt (v & n)   ‑  a squirt, to squirt t'   ‑  the definite article, the.     ‑  the pt. and p.p. of regular verbs end in 't.ta   ‑  thou.tæa   ‑  toe.tæa   ‑  one.   ("tak tæa bit") the one.ta   ‑  for.   "good ta noŭt."tæad   ‑  a parasite on sheep.tæag   ‑  a term of contempt.tæan   ‑  the one.   "tæan ort'tudđħer."tæam   ‑  tame; to tame.tæats   ‑  small fluff on clothes etc.taatel (vr)   ‑  to work lazily, slowly, and negligently.tæak   ‑  took.tæav (vr)   ‑  to fidget or pull anything about; to unravel.tæ'en   ‑  taken.tagiđħer   ‑  together.taggelt   ‑  a useless, disreputable person; a term of contempt.tak (v)   ‑  to take.   (tak, tæak, takken or tæ'en) "It al tak em o his tĭme".   (I  taka = to take)tak   ‑  a peculiar flavour.tælier   ‑  a tailor.tangs   ‑  tongs.   (I  töng = tongs)tang   ‑  an iron or wooden tongue, as the part of a knife or fork inserted in the haft.tang‑el   ‑  sea weed.   (I  þöngull = seaweed stalk)tantatlin   ‑  a fancy tart.tantrum   ‑  a rage.tarn   ‑  a small lake.   (I  tjörn = small lake)tæstrel   ‑  a violent, mischievous person.tæw (vr)   ‑  to tire; fatigue.ta year   ‑  this year.tæwin   ‑  laborious.teddisum   ‑  wearisome.teddius   ‑  tedious; trying to the patience.tee (vr)   ‑  to tie; to knot.teeach   ‑  to teach.teeal   ‑  a tool; a term of contempt.teem (vr)   ‑  to pour out.   (I  tómr = empty; taema = to empty)teer (vr)   ‑  to tire; weary.     teert   ‑  tired.telt   ‑  told, p.p. of tell.teensel   ‑  brushwood used for repairing hedges; wood suitable for raddling hedges.   ( 16th [?] century)tems   ‑  a sieve.teptious   ‑  testy; captious, unreliable; requiring tact to manage.ter   ‑  there.   "what is ter here?" "was ter ivver."terble   ‑  terrible.thæw   ‑  to thaw; a thaw.[5]theck (vr)   ‑  to thatch.   (n) thatch.     (I       þeckja = to thatch or cover)thecker   ‑  a thatcher.thee (thick)   ‑  thy; thee.thesel   ‑  thyself.thee (thin)   ‑  thigh.them   ‑  those; them.thersels   ‑  themselves.thĭbel   ‑  porridge stick.   (ON     þaefill = thyvel = porridge stick)thick   ‑  crowded together.thimmel   ‑  thimble.thōre   ‑  these.Thorsda   ‑  Thursday.thoum   ‑  thumb.   (I      þumalfingur = thumb)thoum sĭme   ‑  a straw rope twisted on and by the thumb, used for bottling straw.thoŭt   ‑  thought.   p.p. of think.thraa   ‑  to throw.   (thraa, thræw, thraan)thraaer   ‑  a wood turner.   (old term)thrang   ‑  busy; crowded.   (I      þröngr = close or tight)thrast   ‑  did thrust.threead (n & v)   ‑  thread; to thread.threeap   ‑  to dispute; to argue persistently.     (I       þrefa = to argue persistently)threeat   ‑  a threat.threeaten (vr)   ‑  to threaten.[8] threish (vr)   ‑  to thrash.throppel   ‑  the windpipe.throppel (vr)   ‑  to strangle.throssen   ‑  thrust.throstle   ‑  song thrush.thrumwort   ‑  water plantain.thrush louse   ‑  wood louse.thrŭst   ‑  to thrust.   (thrŭst, thrast, throssen)thunner (v & n)   ‑  thunder.thwæt   ‑  a forest clearing.   (I    þveit = a piece of land which has been enclosed)tidđħer   ‑  sooner; quicker.tift (vr)   ‑  to breath [sic] hard; to pant; breathless from exertion.tifter (n)   ‑  a state of excitement; flurry.tiftan   ‑  breathing hard.tig   ‑  touch; a children's game.tĭke   ‑  a dog.   (applied also to persons)     (I  tík = a dog; an unruly fellow)tilth   ‑  arable (manured) land.timmer   ‑  timber.tinkler   ‑  a tinker.tip (vr)   ‑  to tap, as to tip a ball.     ‑  to unload a cart by tilting it up.tip (n)   ‑  a ram; tup.tĭpe (vr)   ‑  to overturn; to upset.tĭse (vr)   ‑  to allure; to induce.tō   ‑  tall.   tōer  ‑ taller.   tōest  ‑ tallest.tō   ‑  taw; boy's marble with which the player shoots, named;‑ potties; stæanies, flinties, glassies; allies of white marble and blood‑ allies (streaked with red).   Inferior kinds are sandies and scruds or defective sandies (qv).   Bobbers are large marbles too big to shoot with, which were pitched or bowled.tod   ‑  a fox.   (I  tófa = a fox)[11]togidđħer   ‑  together.toit (vr)   ‑  to upset; topple over.tom‑beedel   ‑  cockchafer.tom spæad   ‑  a large spade with a long cross handle.          tommy   ‑  flat cakes made of meal from the hinderends of barley.topmer   ‑  uppermost.toppin   ‑  the forelock.toppins   ‑  sods of coarse grass dried and used as fuel (generally cut from mossland).     (On Walney Island and elsewhere, tenants had toppin dales from which toppins would be cut for fuel.)[79]torfel (vr)   ‑  to decline in health; to die.tormentil   ‑  root of an astringent herb, a specific for dysentry.torn (vr & n)   ‑  turn.tornt off   ‑  discharged from service.tornups   ‑  turnips; often misnamed tormets.tort   ‑  towards.toŭt   ‑  taught.   p.p. of teach.træases   ‑  traces (harness).træad   ‑  did tread.træl   ‑  to loiter; to walk lazily.trantelments   ‑  odds and ends.træps (vr)   ‑  to tramp; to go about idly, or sight seeing.treead   ‑  to tread.   (treead, træad, trodden)treeat   ‑  treat.trew   ‑  true.trinkel (vr)   ‑  to trickle; to flow slowly.trinter   ‑  a sheep of three winters.     (I       þrévetr = sheep of three winters)trod   ‑  a track or beaten way; as rat trod, sheep trod, rabbit trod.        (I  tröð = a footpath)troŭf   ‑  a trough.trounse   ‑  a long weary journey.trowan   ‑  truant; to play truant.trŭmmel   ‑  a tremble.   "O on a t‑."trunlins   ‑  sheep droppings.trŭnnel (vr)   ‑  to roll along the ground; to bowl; to trundle.     (n) a barrow wheel.tudđħer   ‑  the other.tŭll   ‑  to a place; towards.tully   ‑  when a top fails to spin.     "tully lig in"  ‑ the game of peg top.tŭlt   ‑  to it.tummel (v & n)   ‑  tumble; to fall down.     (N  tumle = tumble, topple)tunnel   ‑  a funnel.twĭne (vr)   ‑  to fret.twĭney   ‑  fretful.twinter   ‑  a sheep of two winters.     (I  traevetr = sheep of two winters) ud or 'd   ‑  short for wod (would).uđħer   ‑  other.uđħers   ‑  others.[31]undermer   ‑  lower; under.[32]ungæan   ‑  ready to depart; not gone yet.   "just ungæan (ungaan)"   ‑  on the point of death.[33]unkent   ‑  unknown.[34]unsnekt   ‑  not latched.unsnek (vr)   ‑  to unlatch.unseetly   ‑  unsightly; unfit to be seen.upbanks   ‑  ascending.upend (vr)   ‑  to set up; raise up.uphod   ‑  to uphold; to maintain.   (uphod, uphodt, uphodden)us   ‑  often used for me.   "tell us now."       ‑  ..    ..      we.   "us two."us   ‑  short for house, as in hog‑us; peeat us; hen us; etc. varjus   ‑  verjuice; liquor obtained from crab apples.   "As sour as crab varjus."varmin   ‑  vermin.varneer   ‑  very nearly.varra   ‑  very.ven t~ur (ventuhr)   ‑  venture.veeal   ‑  veal. wa   ‑  we.   wa's  ‑ we shalt.waa   ‑  ill; sorrowful.   "Waa an wankel."waad (vr)   ‑  to wade.waaken   ‑  to awake.   (N  våkne = awake)waar (vr)   ‑  to spend money.waar   ‑  worse.wæav   ‑  wove; did weave.wad   ‑  plumbago.wæer   ‑  wore.waff   ‑  a slight puff.waffel (vr)   ‑  to waver; to vacillate.waffy   ‑  weak, unsubstantial food.     ‑  a feeling of faintness.wæk   ‑  weak; feeble.walk   ‑  see woak.walla   ‑  insipid.wamp   ‑  a wasp.wan   ‑  won; did win.   (win, wan, ween)wand   ‑  wound; did wind.   (see wind)wandel   ‑  slim; slender.wandy   ‑  flexible; pliant.wang‑tooth   ‑  a molar.wankel   ‑  weak.wænt   ‑  will not.wanty   ‑  faint from want of food.wap   ‑  a blow.war   ‑  wary; beware.warda   ‑  a weekday.   (I  hvárr dag = every day)wark (v & n)   ‑  work; to work.wark (vr)   ‑  to ache, commonly applied to the head, tooth, ear, belly etc.   (I  verkr = an ache; verkja = to ache)warst   ‑  the worst.wa's   ‑  we shall, or we's.wæster   ‑  a spendthrift; useless person.watter (v & n)   ‑  water.     ‑  a lake in place names.   (I  vatn = lake)wax kernels   ‑  a swelling of the glands in the neck or groin.     (ON  vaxa = to increase, grow)wedđħer   ‑  weather; whether; which.   "wedđħers wedđħer"  ‑ which is which.   "wedđħer way;" "wedđħer wan."wedđħer   ‑  a wether (sheep).weeav   ‑  to weave.   (weeav, wæav, wovven)weel   ‑  well.weemly   ‑  easy; soft; quiet.weeny   ‑  innocent looking.weer   ‑  to wear.   (weer, wæar, worn)weft   ‑  force; energy.weis   ‑  scales; balance for weighing.   "put it it weis."weish (v & n)   ‑  wash.welt (vr)   ‑  to incline; turn over on to one side.     (I  velta = to roll or roll over)wemmel (vr)   ‑  to turn a hollow vessel or dish upside down.wer   ‑  our; we are.     wer aan   ‑  our own.     wer foddher   ‑  our father.     wer sels   ‑  our selves.we's   ‑  we shall.wha   ‑  who; whom.   "fræ wha."     whas   ‑  whose.   "whas is it?"whang   ‑  a shoe lace; a thong.   (I          þvengr; D  tvinge = shoe lace:  cf. Whillimoor whang cheese)     shoe whangs   ‑  boot laces.whar   ‑  where.   "whar wor wa?"what   ‑  so.   "partly what."wheeat   ‑  wheat.whewt (v & n)   ‑  whistle.whĭle   ‑  until.   "whĭle then;" "whĭle neet."whĭ   ‑  a female calf.   (I  kvígu‑kalfr = a female calf)whinj (vr & n)   ‑  whine.whins   ‑  furze.whisht   ‑  silent; noiseless.   "as whisht as mĭse."whĭte (v)   ‑  to whittle; cut wood away in chips with a knife.[10]whittle gæat   ‑  the right to free board at table.wi   ‑  with.     wi out   ‑  without; unless.   "as nŭt stop wi out a git mæar."wibbert   ‑  small; diminutive.wick   ‑  living; not dead.   (N  kvikk = lively, quick)wicks   ‑  roots of couch grass.wickt   ‑  maggoted (applied to sheep); maggots on sheep.wick‑sands   ‑  quicksands.widđħer   ‑  to tremble; to quiver.     (I  hviðra = to move shudderingly)widdy   ‑  young willow shoots; osiers.wĭet   ‑  quiet.     wĭetness   ‑  quietness.     wĭetly   ‑  quietly.wiffy   ‑  a flush of trumps in three card lant; a hand all trumps.   "As wiffy"  ‑ "all my cards are trumps."wig   ‑  a small oblong cake, generally containing caraway seeds.wind (v)   ‑  to wĭnd.   (wind, wand, wund)[6]win raa   ‑  a row of peats or ridge of hay drying in the wind or sun.wĭth   ‑  willow tree.wō (v & n)   ‑  to wall; a wall.   wō't  ‑ walled.   wōan  ‑ walling.wōer   ‑  waller.woak   ‑  to walk; to dress cloth.     woak mill   ‑  a fulling mill.wod   ‑  would.     wod'nt   ‑  would not.wommel   ‑  a large auger.woo   ‑  wool.[7]worthings   ‑  old name for manure.worrit (vr)   ‑  to worry; to fret.worritin   ‑  harassing.wor   ‑  werewræat   ‑  wrote (pt) (wrĭte, wræat, wrŭtten)wrang   ‑  wrong.   (I  rangr = wrong)wræth   ‑  a spectre; the imaginary apparition of a living man.wroŭt   ‑  wrought.wrŭtten   ‑  written. ya'   ‑  ye.yæat   ‑  hot.yæbel   ‑  well to do; wealthy.yak   ‑  oak.   (I; N  eik = oak)yakern   ‑  acorn.yaker   ‑  acre.   (plural as sing.r)[42]yal   ‑  whole.yam   ‑  home.   (N  hjem = home)yamly   ‑  homely.yaa, yan   ‑  one.yans   ‑  once.yans‑sel   ‑  ones self.yans oor   ‑  at one time; formerly.yar   ‑  hair; a hare.yark (vr)   ‑  to wrench violently.ye   ‑  you.   "How er ye."ye'r   ‑  you are.yersels   ‑  yourselves.yerk (vr)   ‑  to jerk; to twitch.yerbs   ‑  herbs.yet   ‑  a gate.     ‑  still, as "it's ræanan yet".yĭsts   ‑  joists.yird   ‑  a yard (three feet).yird wand   ‑  a yard measure; stick three feet long.yōde, yoad   ‑  an old horse.yok (vr)   ‑  to yoke; to harness to a cart or plough.yokkin   ‑  period of time when horses are harnessed.yow   ‑  an ewe; female sheep.yow nekt   ‑  low set in the neck.yow bakt   ‑  sunk in the back.yower   ‑  your.yowers   ‑  yours.yower   ‑  the udder of a cow etc.   (ON  júgr; N  jur = udder)